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Outcomes in COVID-19 N-acetylcysteine studies
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All studies   Exclusions   Mortality   Ventilation   ICU   Hospitalization   Serious outcomes   Recovery   Cases   RCTs   RCT mortality   Peer-reviewed   All outcomes  
0 0.5 1 1.5+ All studies 23% 13 24,349 Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality 29% 9 23,887 Ventilation 8% 3 273 ICU admission 0% 4 1,174 Hospitalization 16% 6 735 Recovery 48% 4 1,343 Cases 26% 1 0 RCTs 15% 4 578 RCT mortality 11% 2 227 Peer-reviewed 26% 11 21,881 Prophylaxis 26% 1 0 Early 21% 2 416 Late 24% 10 23,933 N-acetylcysteine for COVID-19 c19early.com/na May 2022 FavorsN-acetylcysteine Favorscontrol after exclusions
0 0.5 1 1.5+ ALL STUDIES MORTALITY VENTILATION ICU ADMISSION HOSPITALIZATION RECOVERY CASES RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS RCT MORTALITY PEER-REVIEWED After Exclusions ALL STUDIES All Prophylaxis Early Late N-acetylcysteine for COVID-19 C19EARLY.COM/NA MAY 2022
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] hosp. 0/229 1/76 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ignatova 20% 0.80 [0.64-1.00] hosp. time 56 (n) 55 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.043 Early treatment 21% 0.79 [0.63-0.99] 0/285 1/131 21% improvement de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] death 9/67 9/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Gaynitdinova (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Pellegrini 52% 0.48 [0.33-0.70] death 138 (n) 726 (n) Pourhoseingholi 11% 0.89 [0.68-1.18] death 65/309 274/2,159 Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] death 12/47 14/45 Assimakopoulos 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.30] death 2/42 12/40 Avdeev 69% 0.31 [0.03-2.72] death 1/24 3/22 Faverio (PSW) -19% 1.19 [0.85-1.66] death 91/572 44/329 Ramadhan -135% 2.35 [0.33-16.9] death 11/75 1/16 Izquierdo 26% 0.74 [0.63-0.88] death 136/2,071 1,935/17,137 Tau​2​ = 0.07, I​2​ = 76.0%, p = 0.02 Late treatment 24% 0.76 [0.60-0.96] 327/3,369 2,292/20,564 24% improvement Huh 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] cases population-based cohort Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p < 0.0001 Prophylaxis 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] 26% improvement All studies 23% 0.77 [0.67-0.89] 327/3,654 2,293/20,695 23% improvement 13 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 studies c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.03, I​2​ = 71.2%, p = 0.00061 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] hosp. 0/229 1/76 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ignatova 20% 0.80 [0.64-1.00] hosp. time 56 (n) 55 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.043 Early treatment 21% 0.79 [0.63-0.99] 0/285 1/131 21% improvement de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] death 9/67 9/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Gaynitdinova (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Pellegrini 52% 0.48 [0.33-0.70] death 138 (n) 726 (n) Pourhoseingholi 11% 0.89 [0.68-1.18] death 65/309 274/2,159 Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] death 12/47 14/45 Assimakopoulos 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.30] death 2/42 12/40 Avdeev 69% 0.31 [0.03-2.72] death 1/24 3/22 Faverio (PSW) -19% 1.19 [0.85-1.66] death 91/572 44/329 Tau​2​ = 0.12, I​2​ = 79.9%, p = 0.039 Late treatment 28% 0.72 [0.53-0.98] 180/1,223 356/3,411 28% improvement Huh 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] cases population-based cohort Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p < 0.0001 Prophylaxis 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] 26% improvement All studies 23% 0.77 [0.65-0.91] 180/1,508 357/3,542 23% improvement 11 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 studies after exclusions c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.04, I​2​ = 75.1%, p = 0.0026 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] 9/67 9/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Pellegrini 52% 0.48 [0.33-0.70] 138 (n) 726 (n) Pourhoseingholi 11% 0.89 [0.68-1.18] 65/309 274/2,159 Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] 12/47 14/45 Assimakopoulos 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.30] 2/42 12/40 Avdeev 69% 0.31 [0.03-2.72] 1/24 3/22 Faverio (PSW) -19% 1.19 [0.85-1.66] 91/572 44/329 Ramadhan -135% 2.35 [0.33-16.9] 11/75 1/16 Izquierdo 26% 0.74 [0.63-0.88] 136/2,071 1,935/17,137 Tau​2​ = 0.15, I​2​ = 78.0%, p = 0.045 Late treatment 29% 0.71 [0.51-0.99] 327/3,345 2,292/20,542 29% improvement All studies 29% 0.71 [0.51-0.99] 327/3,345 2,292/20,542 29% improvement 9 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 mortality results c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.15, I​2​ = 78.0%, p = 0.045 Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ de Alencar (DB RCT) -16% 1.16 [0.59-2.01] 16/67 14/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Taher (DB RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.53-1.40] 18/47 20/45 Avdeev 77% 0.23 [0.03-1.90] 1/24 4/22 Tau​2​ = 0.02, I​2​ = 10.9%, p = 0.7 Late treatment 8% 0.92 [0.60-1.40] 35/138 38/135 8% improvement All studies 8% 0.92 [0.60-1.40] 35/138 38/135 8% improvement 3 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.02, I​2​ = 10.9%, p = 0.7 Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ de Alencar (DB RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.59-1.28] 29/67 32/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Taher (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.44-1.47] 47 (n) 45 (n) Avdeev 77% 0.23 [0.03-1.90] 1/24 4/22 Faverio (PSW) -34% 1.34 [0.97-1.84] 107/572 46/329 Tau​2​ = 0.05, I​2​ = 45.5%, p = 0.99 Late treatment 0% 1.00 [0.70-1.42] 137/710 82/464 0% improvement All studies 0% 1.00 [0.70-1.42] 137/710 82/464 0% improvement 4 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 ICU results c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.05, I​2​ = 45.5%, p = 0.99 Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] hosp. 0/229 1/76 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ignatova 20% 0.80 [0.64-1.00] hosp. time 56 (n) 55 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.043 Early treatment 21% 0.79 [0.63-0.99] 0/285 1/131 21% improvement de Alencar (DB RCT) -10% 1.10 [0.37-3.23] hosp. time 67 (n) 68 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Gaynitdinova (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Taher (DB RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.31-1.45] hosp. time 47 (n) 45 (n) Avdeev 15% 0.85 [0.75-0.96] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p < 0.0001 Late treatment 15% 0.85 [0.78-0.91] 0/162 0/157 15% improvement All studies 16% 0.84 [0.78-0.90] 0/447 1/288 16% improvement 6 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 hospitalization results c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p < 0.0001 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] hosp. 0/229 1/76 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.33 Early treatment 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] 0/229 1/76 80% improvement de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] death 9/67 9/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Pellegrini 52% 0.48 [0.33-0.70] death 138 (n) 726 (n) Pourhoseingholi 11% 0.89 [0.68-1.18] death 65/309 274/2,159 Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] death 12/47 14/45 Assimakopoulos 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.30] death 2/42 12/40 Avdeev 69% 0.31 [0.03-2.72] death 1/24 3/22 Faverio (PSW) -19% 1.19 [0.85-1.66] death 91/572 44/329 Ramadhan -135% 2.35 [0.33-16.9] death 11/75 1/16 Izquierdo 26% 0.74 [0.63-0.88] death 136/2,071 1,935/17,137 Tau​2​ = 0.15, I​2​ = 78.0%, p = 0.045 Late treatment 29% 0.71 [0.51-0.99] 327/3,345 2,292/20,542 29% improvement All studies 30% 0.70 [0.50-0.98] 327/3,574 2,293/20,618 30% improvement 10 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 serious outcomes c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.14, I​2​ = 75.7%, p = 0.036 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 83% 0.17 [0.13-0.24] no recov. 229 (n) 75 (n) CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p < 0.0001 Early treatment 83% 0.17 [0.13-0.24] 0/229 0/75 83% improvement Gaynitdinova (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.32-0.75] Ct imp. 24 (n) 22 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Taher (DB RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.60-1.22] no recov. 25/47 28/45 Faverio (PSW) 1% 0.99 [0.81-1.20] no disch. 180/572 105/329 Tau​2​ = 0.08, I​2​ = 76.7%, p = 0.18 Late treatment 23% 0.77 [0.53-1.13] 205/643 133/396 23% improvement All studies 48% 0.52 [0.23-1.18] 205/872 133/471 48% improvement 4 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 recovery results c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.68, I​2​ = 96.5%, p = 0.12 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Huh 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] cases population-based cohort Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p < 0.0001 Prophylaxis 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] 26% improvement All studies 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] 26% improvement 1 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 case result c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p < 0.0001 Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] hosp. 0/229 1/76 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.33 Early treatment 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] 0/229 1/76 80% improvement de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] death 9/67 9/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Gaynitdinova (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] death 12/47 14/45 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.00093 Late treatment 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] 21/138 23/135 15% improvement All studies 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] 21/367 24/211 15% improvement 4 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 Randomized Controlled Trials c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.00084 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] 9/67 9/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] 12/47 14/45 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.68 Late treatment 11% 0.89 [0.53-1.50] 21/114 23/113 11% improvement All studies 11% 0.89 [0.53-1.50] 21/114 23/113 11% improvement 2 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 RCT mortality results c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.68 Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] hosp. 0/229 1/76 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Ignatova 20% 0.80 [0.64-1.00] hosp. time 56 (n) 55 (n) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.043 Early treatment 21% 0.79 [0.63-0.99] 0/285 1/131 21% improvement de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] death 9/67 9/68 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Gaynitdinova (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Pellegrini 52% 0.48 [0.33-0.70] death 138 (n) 726 (n) Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] death 12/47 14/45 Assimakopoulos 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.30] death 2/42 12/40 Avdeev 69% 0.31 [0.03-2.72] death 1/24 3/22 Faverio (PSW) -19% 1.19 [0.85-1.66] death 91/572 44/329 Ramadhan -135% 2.35 [0.33-16.9] death 11/75 1/16 Izquierdo 26% 0.74 [0.63-0.88] death 136/2,071 1,935/17,137 Tau​2​ = 0.09, I​2​ = 78.4%, p = 0.024 Late treatment 27% 0.73 [0.55-0.96] 262/3,060 2,018/18,405 27% improvement All studies 26% 0.74 [0.59-0.93] 262/3,345 2,019/18,536 26% improvement 11 N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 peer reviewed trials c19early.com/na May 2022 Tau​2​ = 0.07, I​2​ = 73.5%, p = 0.01 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Altay (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.85] hosp. 0/229 1/76 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Altay (DB RCT) 83% 0.17 [0.13-0.24] no recov. 229 (n) 75 (n) CT​1​ Ignatova 20% 0.80 [0.64-1.00] hosp. time 56 (n) 55 (n) de Alencar (DB RCT) -3% 1.03 [0.41-2.27] death 9/67 9/68 de Alencar (DB RCT) -16% 1.16 [0.59-2.01] ventilation 16/67 14/68 de Alencar (DB RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.59-1.28] ICU 29/67 32/68 de Alencar (DB RCT) -12% 1.12 [0.77-1.65] ICU 67 (n) 68 (n) de Alencar (DB RCT) -10% 1.10 [0.37-3.23] hosp. time 67 (n) 68 (n) Gaynitdinova (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.77-0.93] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Gaynitdinova (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.32-0.75] Ct imp. 24 (n) 22 (n) Pellegrini 52% 0.48 [0.33-0.70] death 138 (n) 726 (n) Pourhoseingholi 11% 0.89 [0.68-1.18] death 65/309 274/2,159 Taher (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.43-1.58] death 12/47 14/45 Taher (DB RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.53-1.40] ventilation 18/47 20/45 Taher (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.44-1.47] ICU 47 (n) 45 (n) Taher (DB RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.31-1.45] hosp. time 47 (n) 45 (n) Taher (DB RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.60-1.22] no recov. 25/47 28/45 Assimakopoulos 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.30] death 2/42 12/40 Avdeev 69% 0.31 [0.03-2.72] death 1/24 3/22 Avdeev 77% 0.23 [0.03-1.90] ventilation 1/24 4/22 Avdeev 77% 0.23 [0.03-1.90] ICU 1/24 4/22 Avdeev 15% 0.85 [0.75-0.96] hosp. time 24 (n) 22 (n) Faverio (PSW) -19% 1.19 [0.85-1.66] death 91/572 44/329 Faverio (PSW) -34% 1.34 [0.97-1.84] ICU 107/572 46/329 Faverio (PSW) 1% 0.99 [0.81-1.20] no disch. 180/572 105/329 Ramadhan -135% 2.35 [0.33-16.9] death 11/75 1/16 Izquierdo 26% 0.74 [0.63-0.88] death 136/2,071 1,935/17,137 Huh 26% 0.74 [0.68-0.80] cases population-based cohort N-acetylcysteine COVID-19 outcomes c19early.com/na May 2022 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors N-acetylcysteine Favors control
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