COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 797 studies

All studies Early treatment Mortality Early treatment mortality Recent studies

Analysis of the efficacy of early treatments for COVID-19. Treatments do not replace vaccines and other measures. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage.

Treatment

Improvement
(early)

Studies
(early)

82%

74%

72%

67%

66%

65%

38%

Medications approved for early treatment by >2 countries. 56 countries have officially approved early treatment. For details see global early treatment adoption.


Random effects meta-analysis of all studies combined (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with 3 or fewer studies are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses.


Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with 3 or fewer studies are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis.


Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with 3 or fewer studies are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses.


Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with 3 or fewer studies are shown in grey.

Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):


8/5	In Silico	Rana et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-755838/v1 (Preprint)		A Computational Study of Ivermectin and Doxycycline Combination Drug Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	Details In silico study showing strong binding affinity of ivermectin and doxycycline for SARS-CoV-2 main protease 3CLpro, and increased binding affinity for the combination of both.
8/5	Details Source PDF In Silico In Silico
	Rana et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-755838/v1 (Preprint)
	A Computational Study of Ivermectin and Doxycycline Combination Drug Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	In silico study showing strong binding affinity of ivermectin and doxycycline for SARS-CoV-2 main protease 3CLpro, and increased binding affinity for the combination of both. Rana et al., 8/5/2021, preprint, 3 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
8/4	PrEP	Bhatt et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.21260750 (Preprint)	cases, ↑49.3%, p=0.02	Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis against Coronavirus Disease-19: Practice Outcomes among Health-Care Workers
	Details Observational study of 927 low-risk healthcare workers in India, 731 volunteering for weekly HCQ prophylaxis, showing higher cases with treatment in unadjusted results. Clinical outcome was in the protocol, however no information on which..
8/4	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Bhatt et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.21260750 (Preprint)
	Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis against Coronavirus Disease-19: Practice Outcomes among Health-Care Workers
	Observational study of 927 low-risk healthcare workers in India, 731 volunteering for weekly HCQ prophylaxis, showing higher cases with treatment in unadjusted results. Clinical outcome was in the protocol, however no information on which patients were symptomatic is provided. There were no adverse events and no hospitalizations or deaths. Adherence was very low, decreasing weekly, with almost all participants discontinuing by week 11. The majority of infections occurred in later weeks when adherence was very low, and there was no per protocol analysis. #ECR/206/Inst/GJ/2013/RR-20. risk of COVID-19 case, 49.3% higher, RR 1.49, p = 0.02, treatment 167 of 731 (22.8%), control 30 of 196 (15.3%). Bhatt et al., 8/4/2021, prospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 4 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
8/4	Late	Alghamdi et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.008 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑39.2%, p=0.52	Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: A single centre study
	Details Retrospective 171 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia showing no significant difference for HCQ treatment in unadjusted results.
8/4	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Alghamdi et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.008 (Peer Reviewed)
	Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: A single centre study
	Retrospective 171 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia showing no significant difference for HCQ treatment in unadjusted results. risk of death, 39.2% higher, RR 1.39, p = 0.52, treatment 29 of 128 (22.7%), control 7 of 43 (16.3%). Alghamdi et al., 8/4/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 1 author.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
8/3	Review	Santin et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100924 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	Ivermectin: a multifaceted drug of Nobel prize-honored distinction with indicated efficacy against a new global scourge, COVID-19
	Details Review concluding that the evidence supports worldwide use of ivermectin for COVID-19, complementary to immunization. Authors note that it is likely non-epitope specific, possibly retaining efficacy with new viral strains. They note that ..
8/3	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Santin et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100924 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	Ivermectin: a multifaceted drug of Nobel prize-honored distinction with indicated efficacy against a new global scourge, COVID-19
	Review concluding that the evidence supports worldwide use of ivermectin for COVID-19, complementary to immunization. Authors note that it is likely non-epitope specific, possibly retaining efficacy with new viral strains. They note that ivermectin has been safely used with 3.7 billion doses since 1987, is well tolerated even at much greater than standard doses, and has been used without serious AEs in high-dose COVID-19 treatment studies. Santin et al., 8/3/2021, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/31	Late	Barra et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.21261220 (Preprint)	death, ↓10.8%, p=1.00	COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in 4 hospitals in San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
	Details Retrospective 668 hospitalized patients in Argentina, 18 treated with HCQ, not showing a significant difference in unadjusted results.
7/31	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Barra et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.21261220 (Preprint)
	COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in 4 hospitals in San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
	Retrospective 668 hospitalized patients in Argentina, 18 treated with HCQ, not showing a significant difference in unadjusted results. risk of death, 10.8% lower, RR 0.89, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 18 (11.1%), control 81 of 650 (12.5%), unadjusted. Barra et al., 7/31/2021, retrospective, Argentina, South America, preprint, 12 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/30	Levels	Matin et al., Archives of Microbiology, doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02482-5 (Peer Reviewed)	cases, ↓66.1%, p<0.0001	The sufficient vitamin D and albumin level have a protective effect on COVID-19 infection
	Details Case control study with 191 COVID-19 patients and 203 healthy controls in Iran, showing an association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 infection and severity. 84.4% of COVID-19 patients had vitamin D deficiency.
7/30	Details Source PDF Levels Analysis of outcomes based on serum levels
	Matin et al., Archives of Microbiology, doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02482-5 (Peer Reviewed)
	The sufficient vitamin D and albumin level have a protective effect on COVID-19 infection
	Case control study with 191 COVID-19 patients and 203 healthy controls in Iran, showing an association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 infection and severity. 84.4% of COVID-19 patients had vitamin D deficiency. risk of COVID-19 case, 66.1% lower, RR 0.34, p < 0.001, >20ng/mL, RR approximated with OR. Matin et al., 7/30/2021, retrospective, case control, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/30	Late	Abdelwahab et al., Clinical Drug Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01061-2 (Peer Reviewed)	ventilation, ↑7.8%, p=0.93	Acetylsalicylic Acid Compared with Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Thrombosis and Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Details Retrospective 225 hospitalized patients in Egypt, showing significantly lower thromboembolic events with aspirin treatment, but no significant difference in the need for mechanical ventilation.
7/30	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Abdelwahab et al., Clinical Drug Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01061-2 (Peer Reviewed)
	Acetylsalicylic Acid Compared with Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Thrombosis and Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Retrospective 225 hospitalized patients in Egypt, showing significantly lower thromboembolic events with aspirin treatment, but no significant difference in the need for mechanical ventilation. risk of mechanical ventilation, 7.8% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.93, treatment 11 of 31 (35.5%), control 6 of 36 (16.7%), adjusted, OR converted to RR. Abdelwahab et al., 7/30/2021, retrospective, Egypt, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 17 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/29	Meta	Ghasemian et al., The International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14675 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis)	meta-analysis	The Role of Vitamin D in the Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
	Details Systematic review and meta analysis of 23 studies, finding significantly higher risk of COVID-19 cases and severity with vitamin D deficiency. Mortality risk was higher with deficiency, but not reaching statistical significance, OR 1.6 [0..
7/29	Details Source PDF Meta Meta
	Ghasemian et al., The International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14675 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis)
	The Role of Vitamin D in the Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
	Systematic review and meta analysis of 23 studies, finding significantly higher risk of COVID-19 cases and severity with vitamin D deficiency. Mortality risk was higher with deficiency, but not reaching statistical significance, OR 1.6 [0.5-4.4]. Ghasemian et al., 7/29/2021, peer-reviewed, 25 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/29	Early, PrEP	Annweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:0.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓64.2%, p=0.002	Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: Extension phase of the GERIA-COVID study
	Details Report on extended results from the GERIA-COVID study, showing significantly lower mortality at 3 months with vitamin D treatment. Results combine prophylaxis and early treatment.
7/29	Details Source PDF Early, PrEP Early, PrEP
	Annweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:0.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958 (Peer Reviewed)
	Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: Extension phase of the GERIA-COVID study
	Report on extended results from the GERIA-COVID study, showing significantly lower mortality at 3 months with vitamin D treatment. Results combine prophylaxis and early treatment. risk of death, 64.2% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.002, treatment 16 of 67 (23.9%), control 13 of 28 (46.4%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, multiple Cox proportional hazards. Annweiler et al., 7/29/2021, prospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/29	Early	Sobngwi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.21260838 (Preprint)	no recov., ↓51.6%, p=0.44	Doxycycline is a safe alternative to Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin to prevent clinical worsening and hospitalization in mild COVID-19 patients: An open label randomized clinical trial (DOXYCOV)
	Details RCT 194 mild/asymptomatic low-risk patients in Cameroon, 97 treated with HCQ+AZ and 97 treated with doxycycline, showing 2.1% symptomatic patients at day 10 with HCQ+AZ, versus 4.3% with doxycycline, but without statistical significance. ..
7/29	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Sobngwi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.21260838 (Preprint)
	Doxycycline is a safe alternative to Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin to prevent clinical worsening and hospitalization in mild COVID-19 patients: An open label randomized clinical trial (DOXYCOV)
	RCT 194 mild/asymptomatic low-risk patients in Cameroon, 97 treated with HCQ+AZ and 97 treated with doxycycline, showing 2.1% symptomatic patients at day 10 with HCQ+AZ, versus 4.3% with doxycycline, but without statistical significance. There were only 6 patients with symtoms at day 10. There was no mortality or hospitalization, and no major adverse events. risk of no recovery, 51.6% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.44, treatment 2 of 95 (2.1%), control 4 of 92 (4.3%), day 10. risk of no recovery, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 18 of 95 (18.9%), control 18 of 92 (19.6%), day 3. risk of no virological cure, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.88, treatment 32 of 95 (33.7%), control 32 of 92 (34.8%), day 10. Sobngwi et al., 7/29/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Cameroon, Africa, preprint, 16 authors, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/28	Meta	Popp et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub2 (Preprint)	meta-analysis	Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19
	Details Outdated very biased retrospective meta analysis cherry-picking a small subset of studies, with a majority of results based on only 1 or 2 studies, showing positive (non-statistically significant) results for 10 of 11 primary outcomes acr..
7/28	Details Source PDF Meta Meta
	Popp et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub2 (Preprint)
	Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19
	Outdated very biased retrospective meta analysis cherry-picking a small subset of studies, with a majority of results based on only 1 or 2 studies, showing positive (non-statistically significant) results for 10 of 11 primary outcomes across a total of 13 studies. This analysis splits up studies in order to dilute the effects and avoid statistical significance. However, we can consider the probability of 10 of 11 positive effects occurring due to chance for an ineffective treatment, which is very unlikely (p = 0.006), indicating efficacy. The study is entirely retrospective in the current version. The protocol is dated April 20, 2021, and the most recent study included is from March 9, 2021. The protocol was modified after publication in order to include a close to null result (Gonzalez et al. "patients discharged without respiratory deterioration or death at 28 days"), so the current protocol is dated July 28, 2021. The analysis may become partly prospective in the future if the authors do not continue to change the protocol. Authors excluded many studies by requiring results at a specific time, for example mortality, ventilation, etc. required results at exactly 28 days. Authors excluded all prophylaxis studies by requiring results at exactly 14 days. Studies comparing with other medications were excluded, however these studies confirm efficacy of ivermectin. The only case where they could overstate the efficacy of ivermectin is if the other medication was harmful. There is some evidence of this for excessive dosage/very late stage use, however that does not apply to any of the studies here. Studies using combined treatment were excluded, even when it is known that the other components have little or no effect. 3 of 4 RCTs with combined treatment use doxycycline in addition [1]. Other studies were excluded by requiring PCR confirmation. Cochrane was reputable in the past, but is now controlled by pharmaceutical interests. For example, see the news related to the expulsion of founder Dr. Gøtzsche and the associated mass resignation of board members in protest [2]. For another example of Cochrane bias see [3]. Authors report funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, which may be influenced by [4]. Bias due to funding is ignored for both analyzed studies and Cochrane. For Cochrane funders see: [5, 6]. The BiRD group gave the following early comment: "Yesterday’s Cochrane review surprisingly doesn’t take a pragmatic approach comparing ivermectin versus no ivermectin, like in the majority of other existing reviews. It uses a granular approach similar to WHO’s and the flawed Roman et al paper, splitting studies up and thereby diluting effects. Consequently, the uncertain conclusions add nothing to the evidence base. A further obfuscation of the evidence on ivermectin and an example of research waste. Funding conflicts of interests of the authors and of the journal concerned should be examined." [1] sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213260021003106 [2] en.x-mol.com/paper/article/947631 [3] ebm.bmj.com/content/23/5/165 [4] gcgh.grandchallenges.org/article/bill-melinda-gates-foundation-opens-new-european-office-berlin [5] cochrane.org/news/cochrane-announces-support-new-donor [6] cochrane.org/about-us/our-funders-and-partners Popp et al., 7/28/2021, preprint, 8 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/27	Levels	Cozier et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255132 (Peer Reviewed)	cases, ↓38.6%, p=0.02	Lower serum 25(OH)D levels associated with higher risk of COVID-19 infection in U.S. Black women
	Details Prospective study of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in the Black Women's Health Study, showing higher risk of infection for lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels were from 3-7 years before infection. Levels at the time of infe..
7/27	Details Source PDF Levels Analysis of outcomes based on serum levels
	Cozier et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255132 (Peer Reviewed)
	Lower serum 25(OH)D levels associated with higher risk of COVID-19 infection in U.S. Black women
	Prospective study of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in the Black Women's Health Study, showing higher risk of infection for lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels were from 3-7 years before infection. Levels at the time of infection may differ, which may reduce the size of the effect observed. risk of COVID-19 case, 38.6% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.02, treatment 94 of 1601 (5.9%), control 33 of 373 (8.8%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, >20ng/mL, multivariable. Cozier et al., 7/27/2021, prospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/27	PrEP	Israel et al., Epidemiology and Global Health Microbiology and Infectious Disease, doi:10.7554/eLife.68165 (Peer Reviewed)	hosp., ↓9.1%, p=0.003	Identification of drugs associated with reduced severity of COVID-19: A case-control study in a large population
	Details Case control study examining medication usage with a healthcare database in Israel, showing lower risk of hospitalization with vitamin D (defined as being picked up within 35 days prior to PCR+). Other patients may have acquired vitamin D..
7/27	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Israel et al., Epidemiology and Global Health Microbiology and Infectious Disease, doi:10.7554/eLife.68165 (Peer Reviewed)
	Identification of drugs associated with reduced severity of COVID-19: A case-control study in a large population
	Case control study examining medication usage with a healthcare database in Israel, showing lower risk of hospitalization with vitamin D (defined as being picked up within 35 days prior to PCR+). Other patients may have acquired vitamin D supplements outside of the healthcare system. risk of hospitalization, 9.1% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.003, treatment 737 of 2406 (30.6%), control 6216 of 18453 (33.7%), OR converted to RR, PCR+, cohort 2. Israel et al., 7/27/2021, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/25	Early	Ontai et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.21260223 (Preprint)		Early multidrug treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and decreased case fatality rates in Honduras
	Details Report on the nationwide implementation of multi-drug COVID-19 inpatient and outpatient treatment protocols in Honduras, showing a case fatality rate decrease from 9.33% to 2.97%. No decrease was seen in Mexico, a similar Latin American c..
7/25	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Ontai et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.21260223 (Preprint)
	Early multidrug treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and decreased case fatality rates in Honduras
	Report on the nationwide implementation of multi-drug COVID-19 inpatient and outpatient treatment protocols in Honduras, showing a case fatality rate decrease from 9.33% to 2.97%. No decrease was seen in Mexico, a similar Latin American country that did not introduce multi-drug treatment protocols at that time. Decreases in COVID-19 case fatality rates in Honduras were associated with both the initial publication of the protocol and a subsequent outreach program. Both inpatient and outpatient protocols include ivermectin as one component. Ontai et al., 7/25/2021, preprint, 6 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/25	Early	Cadegiani et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.24.21261047 (Preprint)		Proxalutamide Improves Inflammatory, Immunologic, and Thrombogenic Markers in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Males and Females: an Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial Early Antiandrogen Therapy (EAT) with Proxalutamide (The EAT-Proxa Biochemical AndroCoV-Trial)
	Details Analysis of data from two proxalutamide early treatment RCTs with 445 patients showing substantial improvements in immunologic, inflammatory, thrombotic, and oxygen markers, which may support the observed reduction in hospitalization.
7/25	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Cadegiani et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.24.21261047 (Preprint)
	Proxalutamide Improves Inflammatory, Immunologic, and Thrombogenic Markers in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Males and Females: an Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial Early Antiandrogen Therapy (EAT) with Proxalutamide (The EAT-Proxa Biochemical AndroCoV-Trial)
	Analysis of data from two proxalutamide early treatment RCTs with 445 patients showing substantial improvements in immunologic, inflammatory, thrombotic, and oxygen markers, which may support the observed reduction in hospitalization. Cadegiani et al., 7/25/2021, preprint, 4 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/24	News	World Ivermectin Day (News)	news	World Ivermectin Day
	Details Joint event by 22 worldwide organizations.
7/24	Details Source PDF News News
	World Ivermectin Day (News)
	World Ivermectin Day
	Joint event by 22 worldwide organizations. World Ivermectin Day et al., 7/24/2021, preprint, 1 author.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/23	Late	Güven et al, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00984-5 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓24.8%, p=0.32	The effect of high-dose parenteral vitamin D3 on COVID-19-related inhospital mortality in critical COVID-19 patients during intensive care unit admission: an observational cohort study
	Details Retrospective 175 ICU patients, 113 treated with a single dose of 300,000IU intramuscular cholecalciferol, showing lower mortality with treatment, but not reaching statistical significance. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several ..
7/23	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Güven et al, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00984-5 (Peer Reviewed)
	The effect of high-dose parenteral vitamin D3 on COVID-19-related inhospital mortality in critical COVID-19 patients during intensive care unit admission: an observational cohort study
	Retrospective 175 ICU patients, 113 treated with a single dose of 300,000IU intramuscular cholecalciferol, showing lower mortality with treatment, but not reaching statistical significance. Calcifediol or calcitriol, which avoids several days delay in conversion, may be more successful, especially with this very late stage usage. risk of death, 24.8% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.32, treatment 43 of 113 (38.1%), control 30 of 62 (48.4%), OR converted to RR. Güven et al., 7/23/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/20	In Vitro	Heinen et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v13071411 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Antiviral Effect of Budesonide against SARS-CoV-2
	Details In Vitro study showing dose-dependent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 with budesonide.
7/20	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Heinen et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v13071411 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Antiviral Effect of Budesonide against SARS-CoV-2
	In Vitro study showing dose-dependent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 with budesonide. Heinen et al., 7/20/2021, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/19	Late	Madan et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.21260600 (Preprint)	death, ↓44.4%, p=0.03	Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 disease: A retrospective comparative study of patients treated with and without Remdesivir
	Details Retrospective 1,262 hospitalized patients, 398 treated with remdesivir, showing unadjusted lower mortality with treatment, and a treatment delay-response relationship.
7/19	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Madan et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.21260600 (Preprint)
	Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 disease: A retrospective comparative study of patients treated with and without Remdesivir
	Retrospective 1,262 hospitalized patients, 398 treated with remdesivir, showing unadjusted lower mortality with treatment, and a treatment delay-response relationship. risk of death, 44.4% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.03, treatment 23 of 398 (5.8%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted. risk of death, 65.6% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.04, treatment 4 of 112 (3.6%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted, <5 days from onset. risk of death, 61.7% lower, RR 0.38, p = 0.009, treatment 9 of 226 (4.0%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted, 5-10 days from onset. risk of death, 60.5% higher, RR 1.60, p = 0.18, treatment 10 of 60 (16.7%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted, >10 days from onset. Madan et al., 7/19/2021, retrospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 22 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/17	PrEP	Oristrell et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01639-9 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑1.0%, p=0.91	Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: a population-based, cohort study
	Details Retrospective study of cholecalciferol and calcitriol supplementation in Catalonia showing a small but significant lower risk of cases with cholecalciferol, but no significant difference for mortality, or for calcitriol supplementation. S..
7/17	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Oristrell et al., Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01639-9 (Peer Reviewed)
	Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: a population-based, cohort study
	Retrospective study of cholecalciferol and calcitriol supplementation in Catalonia showing a small but significant lower risk of cases with cholecalciferol, but no significant difference for mortality, or for calcitriol supplementation. Significant benefit was found for cases, severity, and mortality in patients achieving serum vitamin D levels ≥30ng/ml. risk of death, 1.0% higher, RR 1.01, p = 0.91, calcifediol, univariate. risk of death, 4.0% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.37, cholecalciferol, univariate. risk of COVID-19 case, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.65, calcifediol, univariate. risk of COVID-19 case, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.004, cholecalciferol, multivariate. Oristrell et al., 7/17/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/16	News	FLCCC Alliance and British Ivermectin Recommendation Development Group (News)	news	Joint Statement of the FLCCC Alliance and British Ivermectin Recommendation Development Group on Retraction of Early Research on Ivermectin
	Details News release noting that ivermectin remains effective after excluding Elgazzar et al. Given the large magnitude effects and 61 studies, excluding one study with ~3% of patients does not significantly change the evidence base.
7/16	Details Source PDF News News
	FLCCC Alliance and British Ivermectin Recommendation Development Group (News)
	Joint Statement of the FLCCC Alliance and British Ivermectin Recommendation Development Group on Retraction of Early Research on Ivermectin
	News release noting that ivermectin remains effective after excluding Elgazzar et al. Given the large magnitude effects and 61 studies, excluding one study with ~3% of patients does not significantly change the evidence base. FLCCC et al., 7/16/2021, preprint, 2 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
7/16	News	Kintor Pharmaceutical News Release (News)	news	Kintor Pharmaceutical Receives Emergency Use Authorization for Proxalutamide for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Paraguay
	Details News release announcing that proxalutamide has been granted an emergency use authorization for COVID-19 in Paraguay.
7/16	Details Source PDF News News
	Kintor Pharmaceutical News Release (News)
	Kintor Pharmaceutical Receives Emergency Use Authorization for Proxalutamide for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Paraguay
	News release announcing that proxalutamide has been granted an emergency use authorization for COVID-19 in Paraguay. Kintor et al., 7/16/2021, preprint, 1 author.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments

We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 797 studies, 560 present results comparing with a control group, 496 are treatment studies, 64 analyze outcomes based on serum levels, and 47 are meta analyses.

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are both extremely valuable and complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. Treatment protocols for physicians are available from the FLCCC.

Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be the date of an earlier preprint.

Submit