Treatments do not replace vaccines and other measures. All
practical, effective, and safe means should be used. No treatment, vaccine, or
intervention is 100% available and effective for all variants. Denying
efficacy increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Iota-carragee..
80%
[11-96%]
1
$1
394
very limited data
Cost
Studies
Patients
Improvement
Relative Risk
Proxalutamide
78%
[70-83%]
4
$500
1,953
limited data
Quercetin
63%
[27-81%]
9
$5
1,279
Ivermectin
63%
[54-70%]
88
$1
132,948
Nigella Sativa
61%
[40-75%]
7
$5
1,977
Casirivimab/i..
60%
[42-73%]
21
$2,100
47,101
variant dependent
Diet
59%
[38-73%]
10
$0
585,652
Bamlaniv../e..
55%
[30-71%]
14
$1,250
24,423
variant dependent
Povidone-Iod..
53%
[37-65%]
13
$1
2,749
Vitamin A
50%
[-9-77%]
8
$2
17,951
Bromhexine
50%
[-8-77%]
6
$5
684
very limited data
Melatonin
49%
[33-62%]
16
$1
14,009
Paxlovid
49%
[24-66%]
9
$529
40,466
independent trial refused
Lactoferrin
48%
[30-62%]
4
$5
786
Tixagev../c..
47%
[18-66%]
4
$855
15,283
variant dependent
Ensitrelvir
45%
[19-63%]
1
$500
28
very limited data
Ensovibep
45%
[-276-92%]
2
$2,100
400
very limited data
Curcumin
41%
[32-49%]
18
$5
1,858
Exercise
40%
[32-46%]
34
$0
1,464,632
Budesonide
39%
[23-52%]
8
$4
9,951
Vitamin D
38%
[31-45%]
82
$1
114,052
Colchicine
38%
[26-48%]
33
$1
22,738
Fluvoxamine
37%
[-1-60%]
8
$4
3,620
Peg.. Lambda
35%
[-132-82%]
3
$500
2,116
subcutaneous
Sleep
35%
[20-48%]
7
$0
1,636
Nitazoxanide
34%
[-27-66%]
11
$4
3,025
Molnupiravir
32%
[5-52%]
11
$707
14,747
mutagenic/teratogenic
Zinc
29%
[16-40%]
32
$1
35,459
Metformin
27%
[20-33%]
39
$10
118,536
Favipiravir
26%
[14-37%]
43
$20
17,665
Hydroxychlor..
25%
[21-29%]
347
$1
458,192
Antiandrogens
23%
[14-32%]
36
$5
63,329
N-acetylcys..
23%
[11-33%]
13
$1
24,349
Probiotics
21%
[10-31%]
16
$5
17,535
Vitamin C
19%
[9-28%]
45
$1
39,300
Remdesivir
17%
[7-26%]
36
$3,120
123,330
intravenous
Sotrovimab
17%
[-71-59%]
6
$2,100
9,729
variant dependent
Famotidine
15%
[4-25%]
23
$5
76,267
Aspirin
13%
[7-19%]
47
$1
129,616
Conv. Plasma
-1%
[-15-12%]
14
$5,000
15,607
Cannabidiol
-53%
[-616-68%]
3
$25
1,153
limited data
Bebtelovimab
-151%
[-6014-90%]
1
$1,200
380
intravenous
All studies (pooled effects, all stages)
c19early.com Jun 28, 2022
Favors treatment
Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of
all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3
studies with distinct authors or with
<50 control events are shown in grey.
Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of
stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less
effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the
efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome
analyses.
Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and
synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Ensovibep
89%
[-127-99%]
1
$2,100
400
very limited data
Cost
Studies
Patients
Improvement
Relative Risk
Nigella Sativa
83%
[51-94%]
4
$5
967
limited data
Budesonide
82%
[21-96%]
1
$4
146
very limited data
Bromhexine
79%
[28-94%]
2
$5
96
very limited data
Vitamin A
79%
[39-93%]
2
$2
240
very limited data
Melatonin
78%
[25-94%]
2
$1
91
very limited data
Lactoferrin
76%
[-485-99%]
1
$5
121
very limited data
Remdesivir
76%
[39-90%]
2
$3,120
934
intravenous
Vitamin D
74%
[45-88%]
7
$1
16,914
Povidone-Iod..
72%
[49-84%]
8
$1
1,078
limited data
Proxalutamide
71%
[-75-95%]
3
$500
1,175
very limited data
Bamlaniv../e..
69%
[40-84%]
8
$1,250
17,980
variant dependent
Antiandrogens
68%
[41-83%]
2
$5
357
very limited data
Aspirin
67%
[-696-99%]
1
$1
280
very limited data
Hydroxychlor..
63%
[53-70%]
38
$1
56,773
Ivermectin
63%
[52-71%]
35
$1
56,821
Zinc
61%
[-16-87%]
4
$1
3,010
limited data
Casirivimab/i..
57%
[32-73%]
15
$2,100
31,102
variant dependent
Famotidine
48%
[-32-80%]
1
$5
55
very limited data
Paxlovid
47%
[11-68%]
7
$529
33,552
independent trial refused
Curcumin
46%
[14-66%]
8
$5
771
limited data
Ensitrelvir
45%
[19-63%]
1
$500
28
very limited data
Molnupiravir
44%
[0-69%]
7
$707
3,944
mutagenic/teratogenic
Fluvoxamine
39%
[-64-78%]
4
$4
876
very limited data
Quercetin
38%
[-8-65%]
3
$5
244
very limited data
Sotrovimab
38%
[-94-80%]
5
$2,100
9,369
variant dependent
Favipiravir
37%
[6-58%]
12
$20
9,844
limited data
Peg.. Lambda
35%
[-132-82%]
3
$500
2,116
subcutaneous
Probiotics
34%
[21-45%]
3
$5
673
limited data
Nitazoxanide
33%
[-78-75%]
7
$4
2,469
Metformin
27%
[-94-72%]
1
$10
418
very limited data
Vitamin C
22%
[-78-65%]
4
$1
445
N-acetylcys..
21%
[1-37%]
2
$1
416
very limited data
Tixagev../c..
0%
[-207-68%]
1
$855
903
variant dependent
Conv. Plasma
-93%
[-687-53%]
3
$5,000
716
very limited data
Bebtelovimab
-151%
[-6014-90%]
1
$1,200
380
intravenous
Early treatment studies (pooled effects)
c19early.com Jun 28, 2022
Favors treatment
Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of
early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3
studies with distinct authors or with
<50 control events are shown in grey.
Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of
outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis.
Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and
synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Ensovibep
89%
[-127-99%]
1
$2,100
400
very limited data
Cost
Studies
Patients
Improvement
Relative Risk
Lactoferrin
79%
[-48-97%]
1
$5
547
very limited data
Nigella Sativa
79%
[35-93%]
3
$5
1,113
limited data
Proxalutamide
78%
[70-83%]
4
$500
1,953
limited data
Bromhexine
77%
[-39-96%]
3
$5
550
very limited data
Povidone-Iod..
72%
[8-92%]
2
$1
872
limited data
Peg.. Lambda
72%
[-149-97%]
1
$500
1,936
subcutaneous
Paxlovid
64%
[7-86%]
5
$529
8,173
independent trial refused
Vitamin A
63%
[-246-96%]
4
$2
267
Curcumin
61%
[29-79%]
6
$5
605
Quercetin
59%
[-55-89%]
4
$5
683
limited data
Probiotics
59%
[29-77%]
5
$5
889
Bamlaniv../e..
56%
[5-80%]
10
$1,250
22,988
variant dependent
Melatonin
54%
[26-72%]
8
$1
1,828
Casirivimab/i..
53%
[15-74%]
8
$2,100
32,929
variant dependent
Tixagev../c..
52%
[-9-79%]
3
$855
14,162
variant dependent
Ivermectin
51%
[37-62%]
46
$1
119,844
Molnupiravir
46%
[-74-83%]
4
$707
12,413
mutagenic/teratogenic
Exercise
44%
[34-52%]
13
$0
1,437,929
Sleep
43%
[10-64%]
1
$0
0
very limited data
Nitazoxanide
41%
[-30-73%]
5
$4
1,372
limited data
Colchicine
39%
[26-51%]
28
$1
21,010
Budesonide
38%
[20-53%]
6
$4
2,786
Fluvoxamine
38%
[-17-67%]
4
$4
2,744
Vitamin D
37%
[25-47%]
47
$1
33,014
Metformin
33%
[25-40%]
31
$10
74,262
Antiandrogens
31%
[11-46%]
25
$5
59,469
N-acetylcys..
29%
[1-49%]