No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and
effective in all cases. All practical, effective, and safe means should be
used based on risk/benefit analysis.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Iota-carragee.. 80% [11-96%]
1
$1
394
very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%]
4
$500
1,953
limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%]
4
$5
605
limited data Quercetin 63% [27-81%]
9
$5
1,279
Ivermectin 62% [54-69%]
92
$1 134,148
Casirivimab/i.. 56% [37-69%]
24
$2,100 48,169
variant dependent Bamlaniv../e.. 55% [30-71%]
14
$1,250 24,423
variant dependent Nigella Sativa 51% [23-69%]
10
$5
2,899
Diet 50% [39-60%]
18
$0
607,183
Bromhexine 50% [-8-77%]
6
$5
684
very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 49% [36-60%]
17
$1
2,857
Lactoferrin 48% [30-62%]
4
$5
786
Sotrovimab 48% [-36-80%]
9
$2,100 10,125
variant dependent Melatonin 47% [31-59%]
17
$1
14,075
Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%]
2
$2,100
885
limited data Vitamin A 46% [-6-72%]
9
$2
18,131
Nitric Oxide 46% [-4-72%]
6
$11 1,166
Tixagev../c.. 46% [17-64%]
6
$855 21,824
variant dependent Ensitrelvir 45% [19-63%]
1
$500 28
very limited data Spironolactone 45% [18-63%]
10
$5
3,137
Colchicine 41% [30-50%]
36
$1
23,055
Exercise 40% [33-46%]
39
$0
1,603,669
Curcumin 39% [31-46%]
21
$5
4,804
Vitamin D 36% [29-42%]
94
$1
180,794
Nitazoxanide 36% [-22-66%]
12
$4 3,530
Sleep 35% [22-47%]
8
$0
1,636
Peg.. Lambda 35% [-132-82%]
3
$500
2,116
subcutaneous
Paxlovid 35% [24-44%]
16
$529 53,931
independent trial refused Fluvoxamine 35% [18-48%]
9
$4 23,778
Budesonide 33% [18-45%]
9
$4 25,919
Antiandrogens 31% [21-40%]
45
$5
94,222
Zinc 28% [16-39%]
34
$1
36,332
Metformin 27% [21-32%]
48
$10
182,278
Molnupiravir 25% [-4-46%]
17
$707 34,125
mutagenic/teratogenic Hydroxychlor.. 25% [21-29%]
366
$1 491,544
Probiotics 22% [12-31%]
20
$5
17,944
N-acetylcys.. 22% [10-32%]
14
$1
24,440
Vitamin C 22% [13-30%]
52
$1
57,667
Favipiravir 22% [9-33%]
51
$20 21,221
Famotidine 15% [5-25%]
24
$5
92,235
Remdesivir 14% [5-23%]
42
$3,120 129,784
intravenous
Aspirin 12% [6-17%]
54
$1
158,773
Ibuprofen -1% [-10-8%]
12
$1
54,527
Conv. Plasma -12% [-50-16%]
17
$5,000 20,365
Cannabidiol -15% [-114-39%]
5
$25
2,984
Acetaminoph.. -30% [-53--11%]
15
$1
90,633
Bebtelovimab -151% [-6014-90%]
1
$1,200 380
intravenous
All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.com Oct 3, 2022
Favors treatment
Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of
all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3
studies with distinct authors or with
<50 control events are shown in grey.
Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of
stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less
effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the
efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome
analyses.
Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and
synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Ensovibep 89% [-127-99%]
1
$2,100
400
very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Budesonide 82% [21-96%]
1
$4 146
very limited data Bromhexine 79% [28-94%]
2
$5
96
very limited data Melatonin 78% [25-94%]
2
$1
91
very limited data Spironolactone 77% [34-92%]
1
$5
270
very limited data Lactoferrin 76% [-485-99%]
1
$5
121
very limited data Proxalutamide 71% [-75-95%]
3
$500
1,175
very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 69% [40-84%]
8
$1,250 17,980
variant dependent Nigella Sativa 69% [10-89%]
5
$5
1,705
Colchicine 68% [33-85%]
1
$1
0
very limited data Aspirin 67% [-696-99%]
1
$1
280
very limited data Vitamin D 67% [43-81%]
8
$1
43,422
Povidone-Iod.. 67% [47-79%]
11
$1
1,167
limited data Vitamin A 62% [-3-86%]
3
$2
420
limited data Hydroxychlor.. 62% [52-70%]
36
$1 56,721
Ivermectin 62% [51-70%]
37
$1 57,715
Remdesivir 61% [11-83%]
4
$3,120 1,324
intravenous
Metformin 58% [23-77%]
3
$10
27,730
limited data Sotrovimab 55% [-40-86%]
8
$2,100 9,765
variant dependent Casirivimab/i.. 51% [28-67%]
18
$2,100 32,170
variant dependent Famotidine 48% [-32-80%]
1
$5
55
very limited data Ensitrelvir 45% [19-63%]
1
$500 28
very limited data Zinc 44% [3-68%]
5
$1
3,748
Antiandrogens 44% [31-55%]
6
$5
28,040
Paxlovid 43% [30-54%]
15
$529 52,052
independent trial refused Nitric Oxide 42% [16-60%]
2
$11 173
limited data Quercetin 38% [-8-65%]
3
$5
244
very limited data Curcumin 37% [19-52%]
9
$5
1,509
Peg.. Lambda 35% [-132-82%]
3
$500
2,116
subcutaneous
Probiotics 34% [22-44%]
4
$5
712
Nitazoxanide 33% [-78-75%]
7
$4 2,469
Molnupiravir 32% [2-53%]
14
$707 33,834
mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir 32% [-8-57%]
15
$20 11,157
limited data Vitamin C 24% [-50-62%]
5
$1
571
N-acetylcys.. 21% [1-37%]
2
$1
416
very limited data Fluvoxamine 20% [-52-58%]
5
$4 1,529
limited data Tixagev../c.. 0% [-207-68%]
1
$855 903
variant dependent Acetaminoph.. -28% [-178-41%]
2
$1
134
very limited data Conv. Plasma -36% [-317-56%]
5
$5,000 1,508
very limited data Ibuprofen -51% [-351-49%]
2
$1
800
very limited data Bebtelovimab -151% [-6014-90%]
1
$1,200 380
intravenous
Early treatment studies (pooled effects) c19early.com Oct 3, 2022
Favors treatment
Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of
early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3
studies with distinct authors or with
<50 control events are shown in grey.
Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of
outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis.
Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and
synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments.
