COVID-19 studies:  C19 studies: C19:  IvermectinIVM Vitamin DV.D PXPX FLVFLV PVP-IPI BUBU BHBH BLBL CICI HC QHC Q NZNZ COCO More..
COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 863 studies
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Analysis of the efficacy of early treatments for COVID-19. Treatments do not replace vaccines and other measures. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage.
Treatment
Improvement
  (early)
Studies
  (early)
BUBudesonide 82% 1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IVMIvermectin 72% 27
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CICasirivimab/im.. 69% 4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SSotrovimab 67% 1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RDRemdesivir 66% 1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(H)CQHydroxychloro.. 65% 30
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FPVFavipiravir 39% 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Early treatments approved by >2 countries. 60 countries have officially approved treatments. Details.
00.250.50.7511.251.51.752+Proxalutamide86%0.14 [0.10-0.20]41,327StudiesPatientsImprovement, RR [CI]Iota-carragee..80%0.20 [0.04-0.91]1394very few trials/eventsMolnupiravir77%0.23 [0.01-5.69]1202very few trials/eventsQuercetin76%0.24 [0.07-0.79]4754few trials/eventsCurcumin71%0.29 [0.13-0.63]4281Povidone-Iod..71%0.29 [0.16-0.54]72,161Ivermectin68%0.32 [0.25-0.40]6326,422Sotrovimab67%0.33 [0.01-8.16]1583very few trials/eventsCasirivimab/i..66%0.34 [0.15-0.76]722,925Melatonin66%0.34 [0.11-1.05]51,043Fluvoxamine63%0.37 [0.09-1.48]31,757few trials/eventsBudesonide62%0.38 [0.12-1.20]21,732few trials/eventsBamlanivimab59%0.41 [0.23-0.74]79,136Nitazoxanide55%0.45 [0.15-1.35]61,464Zinc51%0.49 [0.38-0.64]2131,199Bromhexine45%0.55 [0.40-0.77]5291Vitamin D42%0.58 [0.50-0.67]3346,860Colchicine40%0.60 [0.42-0.86]1017,373Aspirin37%0.63 [0.40-0.99]729,024Favipiravir29%0.71 [0.56-0.90]92,169Hydroxychloro..26%0.74 [0.69-0.78]278396,972Probiotics24%0.76 [0.63-0.92]5863Remdesivir22%0.78 [0.68-0.89]2135,744Vitamin C15%0.85 [0.75-0.96]182,502All studies combined (pooled effects, all stages)c19early.com 8/23/21Lower RiskIncreased Risk
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies combined (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies or <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses.
00.250.50.7511.251.51.752+Proxalutamide91%0.09 [0.04-0.19]3682few trials/eventsStudiesPatientsImprovement, RR [CI]Curcumin86%0.14 [0.04-0.47]3241few trials/eventsBudesonide82%0.18 [0.04-0.79]1146very few trials/eventsPovidone-Iod..81%0.19 [0.10-0.37]6807Vitamin D80%0.20 [0.10-0.37]5898Bromhexine79%0.21 [0.06-0.72]296very few trials/eventsQuercetin79%0.21 [0.02-1.82]2194very few trials/eventsMolnupiravir77%0.23 [0.01-5.69]1202very few trials/eventsBamlanivimab76%0.24 [0.12-0.50]47,389Zinc75%0.25 [0.04-1.71]3982few trials/eventsMelatonin73%0.27 [0.07-1.05]131very few trials/eventsIvermectin72%0.28 [0.18-0.45]275,239Casirivimab/i..69%0.31 [0.13-0.74]411,226Sotrovimab67%0.33 [0.01-8.16]1583very few trials/eventsRemdesivir66%0.34 [0.12-0.96]1372very few trials/eventsHydroxychloro..65%0.35 [0.28-0.45]3054,537Fluvoxamine63%0.37 [0.09-1.48]31,757few trials/eventsNitazoxanide49%0.51 [0.13-1.95]51,414Vitamin C46%0.54 [0.19-1.51]2208few trials/eventsFavipiravir38%0.61 [0.40-0.95]3410very few trials/eventsProbiotics35%0.65 [0.53-0.80]1293very few trials/eventsEarly treatment studies (pooled effects)c19early.com 8/23/21Lower RiskIncreased Risk
Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies or <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis.
00.250.50.7511.251.51.752+Povidone-Iod..88%0.12 [0.03-0.50]1606very few trials/eventsStudiesPatientsImprovement, RR [CI]Melatonin87%0.13 [0.08-0.22]1948very few trials/eventsBromhexine87%0.13 [0.01-1.23]2178very few trials/eventsProxalutamide84%0.16 [0.12-0.22]31,090few trials/eventsMolnupiravir77%0.23 [0.01-5.69]1202very few trials/eventsCasirivimab/i..76%0.24 [0.03-2.14]318,132few trials/eventsSotrovimab67%0.33 [0.01-8.16]1583very few trials/eventsProbiotics66%0.34 [0.18-0.64]2270few trials/eventsCurcumin65%0.35 [0.13-0.90]2180few trials/eventsNitazoxanide60%0.40 [0.10-1.58]3923very few trials/eventsQuercetin58%0.42 [0.09-1.82]3641few trials/eventsIvermectin58%0.42 [0.30-0.59]2513,911Bamlanivimab57%0.43 [0.11-1.68]47,566Vitamin D55%0.45 [0.32-0.64]199,760Aspirin41%0.59 [0.36-0.96]628,957Colchicine40%0.60 [0.42-0.86]1017,373Budesonide39%0.61 [0.22-1.67]11,586very few trials/eventsZinc39%0.61 [0.47-0.80]117,221Fluvoxamine29%0.71 [0.38-1.31]11,480very few trials/eventsHydroxychloro..23%0.77 [0.72-0.82]173277,413Remdesivir22%0.78 [0.68-0.89]2035,602Vitamin C18%0.82 [0.72-0.93]121,830Favipiravir7%0.93 [0.64-1.35]31,456few trials/eventsAll mortality results (all stages)c19early.com 8/23/21Lower RiskIncreased Risk
Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies or <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses.
00.250.50.7511.251.51.752+Casirivimab/i..92%0.08 [0.00-1.53]28,347few trials/eventsStudiesPatientsImprovement, RR [CI]Bromhexine91%0.09 [0.01-1.59]178very few trials/eventsPovidone-Iod..88%0.12 [0.03-0.50]1606very few trials/eventsBamlanivimab85%0.15 [0.03-0.77]26,784few trials/eventsCurcumin82%0.18 [0.04-0.79]1140very few trials/eventsZinc79%0.21 [0.03-1.47]1518very few trials/eventsQuercetin79%0.21 [0.02-1.82]2194very few trials/eventsVitamin D78%0.22 [0.12-0.43]3500few trials/eventsMolnupiravir77%0.23 [0.01-5.69]1202very few trials/eventsHydroxychloro..75%0.25 [0.16-0.40]1350,628Proxalutamide73%0.27 [0.03-2.39]2445very few trials/eventsSotrovimab67%0.33 [0.01-8.16]1583very few trials/eventsRemdesivir66%0.34 [0.12-0.96]1372very few trials/eventsFavipiravir45%0.55 [0.05-5.81]192very few trials/eventsNitazoxanide41%0.59 [0.02-13.8]2873very few trials/eventsIvermectin37%0.63 [0.38-1.04]83,050Fluvoxamine29%0.71 [0.39-1.29]11,480very few trials/eventsEarly treatment mortality resultsc19early.com 8/23/21Lower RiskIncreased Risk
Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies or <25 control events are shown in grey.
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):

Aug 19
 In Silico González-Paz et al., Biophysical Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106677 (Peer Reviewed) Comparative study of the interaction of ivermectin with proteins of interest associated with SARS-CoV-2: A computational and biophysical approach
Details   In SIlico analysis of the components of ivermectin (avermectin-B1a and avermectin-B1b), suggesting different and complementary inhibitory activity of each component, with an affinity of avermectin-B1b for viral structures, and of avermect..
Aug 19
 Late Diaz et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciab698 (Peer Reviewed) death, ↓34.7%, p=0.01 Remdesivir and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19
Details   Retrospective 1138 hospitalized patients in the USA, 286 treated with remdesivir, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Aug 18
 Late Korley et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103784 (Peer Reviewed) death, ↑396.0%, p=0.22 Early Convalescent Plasma for High-Risk Outpatients with Covid-19
Details   RCT 511 emergency department patients, 257 assigned to convalescent plasma, showing no significant difference in outcomes.
Aug 18
 Meta Neil et al., Research Gate, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.19703.75680 (Preprint) (meta analysis) meta-analysis Bayesian hypothesis testing and hierarchical modelling of ivermectin effectiveness in treating Covid-19
Details   Updated Bayesian analysis of a subset of ivermectin trials showing that there is strong evidence to support a causal link between ivermectin and COVID-19 severity and mortality, and that the result is robust in sensitivity analysis, inclu..
Aug 17
 Early Baxter et al., medRxiv, doi:0.1101/2021.08.16.21262044 (Preprint) hosp., ↓65.3%, p=1.00 Rapid initiation of nasal saline irrigation: hospitalizations in COVID-19 patients randomized to alkalinization or povidone-iodine compared to a national dataset
Details   Small RCT 79 PCR+ patients 55+ comparing pressure-based nasal irrigation with povidone-iodine and sodium bicarbonate, showing improved recovery with povidone-iodine, and 0/37 COVID-19 related hospitalizations for povidone-iodine compared ..
Aug 13
 Late Hosseini et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.21261992 (Preprint) Another step toward final call on Remdesivir efficacy as a treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a multicenter open-label trial
Details   Single arm remdesivir trial with 145 hospitalized patients showing no statistically significant difference between "early" and "late" administration, however the treatment delays may be better described as late and ver..
Aug 12
 Review Hoertel et al., Molecular Psychiatry, doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01254-3 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) review Repurposing antidepressants inhibiting the sphingomyelinase acid/ceramide system against COVID-19: current evidence and potential mechanisms
Details   Review of the mechanisms of action and clinical studies for the treatment of COVID-19 with FIASMA antidepressants such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, escitalopram, or amitriptyline.
Aug 12
 Levels di Filippo et al, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab599 (Peer Reviewed) death, ↓10.7%, p=1.00 Vitamin D levels associate with blood glucose and BMI in COVID-19 patients predicting disease severity
Details   Retrospective 88 patients in Italy, showing vitamin D deficiency associated with severe cases, blood glucose, and BMI.
Aug 12
 Late Elavarasi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.21261855 (Preprint) death, ↓19.6%, p=0.12 Clinical features, demography and predictors of outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a tertiary care hospital in India - a cohort study
Details   Retrospective 2017 hospitalized patients in India, showing lower mortality with ivermectin treatment in unadjusted results. No group details are provided and this result is subject to confounding by indication.
Aug 12
 N/A Pedroso et al., The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101603 (Peer Reviewed) Self-prescribed Ivermectin use is associated with a lower rate of seroconversion in health care workers diagnosed with COVID, in a dose-dependent response
Details   Retrospective 45 healthcare workes in Brazil, showing lower creation of antibodies with multiple doses of ivermectin, which may be expected due to the antiviral activity as demonstrated in multiple studies. Authors appear unaware of these..
Aug 10
 Levels Alpcan et al., Epidemiology & Infection, doi:10.1017/S0950268821001825 (Peer Reviewed) cases, ↓44.6%, p=0.0004 Vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19: a report from Turkey
Details   Retrospective 75 COVID-19 hospitalized pediatric patients in Turkey and 80 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients.
Aug 10
 News La Pampa, Argentina (News) death, ↓27.4% La Pampa expondrá a la comunidad científica los resultados del Programa de Intervención Monitoreado de Ivermectina
Details   News report on the use of ivermectin in La Pampa, Argentina, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Aug 10
 PEP Shabani et al., Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102069 (Peer Reviewed) symp. case, ↓19.0%, p=1.00 Evaluation of the Prophylactic Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on People in Close-Contact with Patients with Covid-19
Details   Small PEP trial with 51 HCQ patients, not showing a significant difference in cases. IRCT20130917014693N10.
Aug 10
 News Calderón et al., News Report (News) news Mantiene Hospital Mónica Pretelini bajo índice de muertes Covid de mujeres embarazadas
Details   News report on the use of nitazoxanide for pregnant COVID-19 patients in a clinic in Mexico, reporting significant improvements in hospitalization and mortality compared to locations without treatment.
Aug 9
 Late Kuno et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkab256 (Peer Reviewed) death, ↓0.9%, p=0.96 The association of remdesivir and in-hospital outcomes for COVID-19 patients treated with steroids
Details   PSM retrospective 3,372 hospitalized patients in the USA treated with steroids, showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir, but a lower risk of acute kidney injury.
Aug 6
 Review Kow et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001441 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) review Pitfalls in Reporting Sample Size Calculation Across Randomized Controlled Trials Involving Ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19
Details   Review of sample size calculations in ivermectin RCTs, showing that existing RCTs are very underpowered.
Aug 6
 Early Together Trial (News) death, ↓18.0%, p=0.54 Early Treatment of COVID-19 with Repurposed Therapies: The TOGETHER Adaptive Platform Trial
Details   Preliminary report from the Together Trial showing mortality RR 0.82 [0.44-1.52]. The trial randomization chart suggests major problems and does not match the protocol. Trial week 42, the first week for 3 dose ivermectin, shows ~3x pati..
Aug 5
 Levels Nimavat et al., Annals of Medicine and Surgery, doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102661 (Peer Reviewed) death, ↓50.4%, p=0.17 Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19: A case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in India
Details   Case control study with 156 PCR+ cases in India and 204 controls, showing more frequent vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients, and an association between lower vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity.
Aug 5
 Meta Anseems et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014962 (Preprint) (meta analysis) meta-analysis Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID‐19
Details   Review of 5 RCTs prior to April 17, 2021 showing mortality RR 0.93 [0.81-1.06] for hospitalized patients.
Aug 5
 Meta Stricker et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.001 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) death, ↓75.0%, p<0.0001 Hydroxychloroquine Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers from India: A Meta-Analysis
Details   Meta analysis of 11 HCQ PrEP studies in India covering 7,616 healthcare workers, showing significantly lower cases with treatment.
Aug 5
 In Silico Rana et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-755838/v1 (Preprint) A Computational Study of Ivermectin and Doxycycline Combination Drug Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Details   In silico study showing strong binding affinity of ivermectin and doxycycline for SARS-CoV-2 main protease 3CLpro, and increased binding affinity for the combination of both.
Aug 4
 Late Zhang et al., Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, doi:10.1177/17562848211035670 (Peer Reviewed) hosp. time, ↓13.6%, p=0.009 Probiotics use is associated with improved clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Details   Retrospective 375 patients in China, 179 treated with probiotics, showing improved clinical outcomes with treatment.
Aug 4
 Late Özuygur Ermiş et al., Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.3906/sag-2009-64 (Peer Reviewed) The Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin Combination Therapy on Hospital Mortality in COVID 19 Pneumonia Patients
Details   Retrospective 370 hospitalized patients, 222 receiving HCQ+AZ and 148 receiving HCQ, showing mortality OR 0.61 [0.23-1.59], p = 0.31 for the addition of AZ.
Aug 4
 PrEP Bhatt et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.21260750 (Preprint) cases, ↑49.3%, p=0.02 Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis against Coronavirus Disease-19: Practice Outcomes among Health-Care Workers
Details   Observational study of 927 low-risk healthcare workers in India, 731 volunteering for weekly HCQ prophylaxis, showing higher cases with treatment in unadjusted results. Clinical outcome was in the protocol, however no information on which..
Aug 4
 Late Alghamdi et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.008 (Peer Reviewed) death, ↑39.2%, p=0.52 Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: A single centre study
Details   Retrospective 171 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia showing no significant difference for HCQ treatment in unadjusted results.
Aug 3
 Review Santin et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100924 (Review) (Peer Reviewed) review Ivermectin: a multifaceted drug of Nobel prize-honored distinction with indicated efficacy against a new global scourge, COVID-19
Details   Review concluding that the evidence supports worldwide use of ivermectin for COVID-19, complementary to immunization. Authors note that it is likely non-epitope specific, possibly retaining efficacy with new viral strains. They note that ..
Jul 31
 Late Barra et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.21261220 (Preprint) death, ↓10.8%, p=1.00 COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in 4 hospitals in San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Details   Retrospective 668 hospitalized patients in Argentina, 18 treated with HCQ, not showing a significant difference in unadjusted results.
Jul 30
 Levels Matin et al., Archives of Microbiology, doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02482-5 (Peer Reviewed) cases, ↓66.1%, p<0.0001 The sufficient vitamin D and albumin level have a protective effect on COVID-19 infection
Details   Case control study with 191 COVID-19 patients and 203 healthy controls in Iran, showing an association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 infection and severity. 84.4% of COVID-19 patients had vitamin D deficiency.
Jul 30
 Late Abdelwahab et al., Clinical Drug Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01061-2 (Peer Reviewed) ventilation, ↑7.8%, p=0.93 Acetylsalicylic Acid Compared with Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Thrombosis and Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Details   Retrospective 225 hospitalized patients in Egypt, showing significantly lower thromboembolic events with aspirin treatment, but no significant difference in the need for mechanical ventilation.
Jul 29
 Meta Ghasemian et al., The International Journal of Clinical Practice, doi:10.1111/ijcp.14675 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis) meta-analysis The Role of Vitamin D in the Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Details   Systematic review and meta analysis of 23 studies, finding significantly higher risk of COVID-19 cases and severity with vitamin D deficiency. Mortality risk was higher with deficiency, but not reaching statistical significance, OR 1.6 [0..
Jul 29
 Early, PrEP Annweiler et al., The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, doi:0.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958 (Peer Reviewed) death, ↓64.2%, p=0.002 Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: Extension phase of the GERIA-COVID study
Details   Report on extended results from the GERIA-COVID study, showing significantly lower mortality at 3 months with vitamin D treatment. Results combine prophylaxis and early treatment.
Jul 29
 Early Sobngwi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.21260838 (Preprint) no recov., ↓51.6%, p=0.44 Doxycycline is a safe alternative to Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin to prevent clinical worsening and hospitalization in mild COVID-19 patients: An open label randomized clinical trial (DOXYCOV)
Details   RCT 194 mild/asymptomatic low-risk patients in Cameroon, 97 treated with HCQ+AZ and 97 treated with doxycycline, showing 2.1% symptomatic patients at day 10 with HCQ+AZ, versus 4.3% with doxycycline, but without statistical significance. ..
Jul 28
 Meta Popp et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub2 (Preprint) (meta analysis) meta-analysis Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19
Details   Outdated very biased retrospective meta analysis cherry-picking a small subset of studies, with a majority of results based on only 1 or 2 studies, showing positive (non-statistically significant) results for 10 of 11 primary outcomes acr..
Jul 27
 Levels Cozier et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255132 (Peer Reviewed) cases, ↓38.6%, p=0.02 Lower serum 25(OH)D levels associated with higher risk of COVID-19 infection in U.S. Black women
Details   Prospective study of vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in the Black Women's Health Study, showing higher risk of infection for lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin D levels were from 3-7 years before infection. Levels at the time of infe..
Jul 27
 PrEP Israel et al., Epidemiology and Global Health Microbiology and Infectious Disease, doi:10.7554/eLife.68165 (Peer Reviewed) hosp., ↓9.1%, p=0.003 Identification of drugs associated with reduced severity of COVID-19: A case-control study in a large population
Details   Case control study examining medication usage with a healthcare database in Israel, showing lower risk of hospitalization with vitamin D (defined as being picked up within 35 days prior to PCR+). Other patients may have acquired vitamin D..
Jul 26
 In Vitro Alsaidi et al., Marine Drugs, doi:10.3390/md19080418 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) in vitro Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model
Details   In Vitro and In Silico analysis showing SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of carageenan, and synergistic activity from the combination of carrageenan and griffithsin.
Jul 25
 Early Ontai et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.21260223 (Preprint) Early multidrug treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and decreased case fatality rates in Honduras
Details   Report on the nationwide implementation of multi-drug COVID-19 inpatient and outpatient treatment protocols in Honduras, showing a case fatality rate decrease from 9.33% to 2.97%. No decrease was seen in Mexico, a similar Latin American c..
Jul 25
 Early Cadegiani et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.24.21261047 (Preprint) Proxalutamide Improves Inflammatory, Immunologic, and Thrombogenic Markers in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Males and Females: an Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial Early Antiandrogen Therapy (EAT) with Proxalutamide (The EAT-Proxa Biochemical AndroCoV-Trial)
Details   Analysis of data from two proxalutamide early treatment RCTs with 445 patients showing substantial improvements in immunologic, inflammatory, thrombotic, and oxygen markers, which may support the observed reduction in hospitalization.
Jul 24
 News World Ivermectin Day (News) news World Ivermectin Day
Details   Joint event by 22 worldwide organizations.
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 863 studies, 589 present results comparing with a control group, 522 are treatment studies, and 67 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 12 animal studies, 23 in silico studies, 46 in vitro studies, and 54 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are both extremely valuable and complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. Treatment protocols for physicians are available from the FLCCC.
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Aspirin
Bamlanivimab
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Casirivimab/i..
Colchicine
Curcumin
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychloro..
Iota-carragee..
Ivermectin
Melatonin
Molnupiravir
Nitazoxanide
Povidone-Iod..
Probiotics
Proxalutamide
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Sotrovimab
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Zinc

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