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34 antiandrogen COVID-19 controlled studies, 10 RCTs
68% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.32
[0.17-0.59]
https://c19early.com/aameta.html
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies
23%
34
62,864
Improvement, Studies, Patients
Relative Risk
Mortality
34%
24
59,004
Ventilation
35%
7
641
ICU admission
18%
8
6,031
Hospitalization
10%
8
6,286
Recovery
42%
9
1,165
Cases
9%
11
92,725
Viral clearance
37%
3
560
RCTs
45%
10
755
RCT mortality
51%
8
602
Peer-reviewed
21%
31
62,388
Prophylaxis
7%
18
61,196
Early
68%
2
357
Late
59%
14
1,311
Antiandrogens for COVID-19
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
after exclusions
• Statistically significant improvements are seen for
mortality ,
recovery ,
cases , and
viral clearance . 18 studies from 10 different countries show statistically significant
improvements in isolation (11 for the most serious outcome).
• Results are robust — in exclusion sensitivity analysis 16 of 34
studies must be excluded to avoid finding statistically significant efficacy
in pooled analysis.
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies
23%
34
62,864
Improvement, Studies, Patients
Relative Risk
Mortality
34%
24
59,004
Ventilation
35%
7
641
ICU admission
18%
8
6,031
Hospitalization
10%
8
6,286
Recovery
42%
9
1,165
Cases
9%
11
92,725
Viral clearance
37%
3
560
RCTs
45%
10
755
RCT mortality
51%
8
602
Peer-reviewed
21%
31
62,388
Prophylaxis
7%
18
61,196
Early
68%
2
357
Late
59%
14
1,311
Antiandrogens for COVID-19
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
after exclusions
• This analysis combines the results of several different antiandrogens. Results for individual treatments may vary. Proxalutamide is analyzed separately.
• While many treatments have some level
of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid
infection.
Only 15% of antiandrogen
studies show zero events in the treatment arm.
Multiple treatments are typically used
in combination, and
other treatments
are more effective.
• No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%
available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used.
Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral
damage, and endemic risk.
• All data to reproduce this paper and
sources are in the
appendix .
Highlights
We show traditional outcome specific analyses and combined
evidence from all studies, incorporating treatment delay, a primary
confounding factor in COVID-19 studies.
A
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Cadegiani
77%
0.23 [0.08-0.66]
recov. time
8 (n)
262 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani (DB RCT)
62%
0.38 [0.18-0.82]
no recov.
7/44
18/43
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.00032
Early treatment
68%
0.32 [0.17-0.59]
7/52
18/305
68% improvement
Vicenzi
93%
0.07 [0.04-0.53]
death
30 (n)
39 (n)
OT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Goren
81%
0.19 [0.03-1.28]
ICU
1/12
17/36
Mareev (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.65-1.22]
no recov.
33 (n)
33 (n)
CT2
Zarehoseinz.. (RCT)
75%
0.25 [0.03-2.14]
death
1/40
4/40
Ersoy (ICU)
46%
0.54 [0.36-0.81]
death
14/30
26/30
ICU patients
Welén (RCT)
80%
0.20 [0.01-4.65]
death
0/29
1/10
Davarpanah
78%
0.22 [0.08-0.55]
hosp.
6/103
23/103
CT2
Kotfis (RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.25-2.74]
death
4/24
5/25
Abbasi (SB RCT)
55%
0.45 [0.18-1.13]
death
5/51
19/87
Gomaa (DB RCT)
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.56]
death
0/25
5/25
CT2
Hsieh
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.22]
death
0/117
4/143
CT2
Veru (DB RCT)
54%
0.46 [0.28-0.76]
death
20/98
23/52
Nickols (DB RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.32-1.82]
death
11/62
7/34
Gordon (DB RCT)
82%
0.18 [0.03-0.94]
death
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.23, I2 = 58.7%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment
59%
0.41 [0.28-0.61]
62/654
134/657
59% improvement
Montopoli
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.77]
death
0/5,273
18/37,161
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Koskinen
46%
0.54 [0.06-5.16]
death
1/134
3/218
Patel
55%
0.45 [0.11-1.47]
death
4/22
10/36
Bennani
95%
0.05 [0.00-2063]
death
0/4
18/114
Lazzeri
-23%
1.23 [0.81-1.87]
death/ICU
Kwon
21%
0.79 [0.10-6.40]
death
1/799
7/4,412
Klein
-124%
2.24 [0.86-5.85]
death
6/304
13/1,475
Jeon
77%
0.23 [0.08-0.64]
cases
case control
Shaw (PSM)
6%
0.94 [0.88-1.01]
cases
47 (n)
97 (n)
Jiménez-Alcaide
33%
0.67 [0.26-1.74]
death
3/11
17/50
Kazan
-229%
3.29 [0.61-17.7]
hosp.
4/138
2/227
Schmidt (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.46-1.34]
death
25/169
44/308
Duarte
11%
0.89 [0.59-1.11]
death
100/156
32/43
Welén
2%
0.98 [0.61-1.59]
death
21/358
167/4,980
Gedeborg
-25%
1.25 [0.95-1.65]
death
case control
Lyon
17%
0.83 [0.42-1.63]
death
15/944
19/994
Lee (PSW)
21%
0.79 [0.62-0.97]
severe case
76/295
727/2,427
MacFadden
7%
0.93 [0.88-0.98]
cases
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 56.8%, p = 0.16
Prophylaxis
7%
0.93 [0.85-1.03]
256/8,654
1,077/52,542
7% improvement
All studies
23%
0.77 [0.68-0.87]
325/9,360
1,229/53,504
23% improvement
34 antiandrogen COVID-19 studies
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 69.5%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome, see appendix)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
B
C
Figure 1. A. Random effects
meta-analysis. This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
B. Scatter plot showing the
distribution of effects reported in studies.
C. History of all reported
effects (chronological within treatment stages).
Introduction
We analyze all significant studies
concerning the use of
antiandrogens
for COVID-19.
Search methods, inclusion criteria, effect
extraction criteria (more serious outcomes have priority), all individual
study data, PRISMA answers, and statistical methods are detailed in
Appendix 1 . We present random effects meta-analysis results for all
studies, for studies within each treatment stage, for individual outcomes, for
peer-reviewed studies, for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), and after
exclusions.
Figure 2 shows stages of possible treatment for
COVID-19.
Prophylaxis refers to regularly taking medication before
becoming sick, in order to prevent or minimize infection.
Early
Treatment refers to treatment immediately or soon after symptoms appear,
while
Late Treatment refers to more delayed treatment.
Preclinical Research
An
In Silico study supports the efficacy of antiandrogens
[Saih ] .
An
In Vivo animal study supports the efficacy of antiandrogens
[Leach ] .
Preclinical research is an important part of the development of
treatments, however results may be very different in clinical trials.
Preclinical results are not used in this paper.
Results
Figure 3 shows a visual overview of the results, with details in
Table 1 and
Table 2 .
Figure
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8 ,
9 ,
10 ,
11 ,
12 , and
13
show forest plots for a random effects meta-analysis of
all studies with pooled effects, mortality results, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, viral clearance, and peer reviewed studies.
0
0.5
1
1.5+
ALL STUDIES
MORTALITY
VENTILATION
ICU ADMISSION
HOSPITALIZATION
RECOVERY
CASES
VIRAL CLEARANCE
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
RCT MORTALITY
PEER-REVIEWED
After Exclusions
ALL STUDIES
All
Prophylaxis
Early
Late
Antiandrogens for COVID-19
C19EARLY.COM/AA MAY 2022
Treatment time Number of studies reporting positive effects
Total number of studies Percentage of studies reporting positive effects
Random effects meta-analysis results
Early treatment
2
2
100%
68% improvement
RR 0.32 [0.17‑0.59]
p = 0.00032
Late treatment
14
14
100%
59% improvement
RR 0.41 [0.28‑0.61]
p < 0.0001
Prophylaxis
14
18
77.8%
7% improvement
RR 0.93 [0.85‑1.03]
p = 0.16
All studies
30
34
88.2%
23% improvement
RR 0.77 [0.68‑0.87]
p < 0.0001
Table 1. Results by treatment stage.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Cadegiani
77%
0.23 [0.08-0.66]
recov. time
8 (n)
262 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani (DB RCT)
62%
0.38 [0.18-0.82]
no recov.
7/44
18/43
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.00032
Early treatment
68%
0.32 [0.17-0.59]
7/52
18/305
68% improvement
Vicenzi
93%
0.07 [0.04-0.53]
death
30 (n)
39 (n)
OT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Goren
81%
0.19 [0.03-1.28]
ICU
1/12
17/36
Mareev (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.65-1.22]
no recov.
33 (n)
33 (n)
CT2
Zarehoseinz.. (RCT)
75%
0.25 [0.03-2.14]
death
1/40
4/40
Ersoy (ICU)
46%
0.54 [0.36-0.81]
death
14/30
26/30
ICU patients
Welén (RCT)
80%
0.20 [0.01-4.65]
death
0/29
1/10
Davarpanah
78%
0.22 [0.08-0.55]
hosp.
6/103
23/103
CT2
Kotfis (RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.25-2.74]
death
4/24
5/25
Abbasi (SB RCT)
55%
0.45 [0.18-1.13]
death
5/51
19/87
Gomaa (DB RCT)
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.56]
death
0/25
5/25
CT2
Hsieh
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.22]
death
0/117
4/143
CT2
Veru (DB RCT)
54%
0.46 [0.28-0.76]
death
20/98
23/52
Nickols (DB RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.32-1.82]
death
11/62
7/34
Gordon (DB RCT)
82%
0.18 [0.03-0.94]
death
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.23, I2 = 58.7%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment
59%
0.41 [0.28-0.61]
62/654
134/657
59% improvement
Montopoli
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.77]
death
0/5,273
18/37,161
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Koskinen
46%
0.54 [0.06-5.16]
death
1/134
3/218
Patel
55%
0.45 [0.11-1.47]
death
4/22
10/36
Bennani
95%
0.05 [0.00-2063]
death
0/4
18/114
Lazzeri
-23%
1.23 [0.81-1.87]
death/ICU
Kwon
21%
0.79 [0.10-6.40]
death
1/799
7/4,412
Klein
-124%
2.24 [0.86-5.85]
death
6/304
13/1,475
Jeon
77%
0.23 [0.08-0.64]
cases
case control
Shaw (PSM)
6%
0.94 [0.88-1.01]
cases
47 (n)
97 (n)
Jiménez-Alcaide
33%
0.67 [0.26-1.74]
death
3/11
17/50
Kazan
-229%
3.29 [0.61-17.7]
hosp.
4/138
2/227
Schmidt (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.46-1.34]
death
25/169
44/308
Duarte
11%
0.89 [0.59-1.11]
death
100/156
32/43
Welén
2%
0.98 [0.61-1.59]
death
21/358
167/4,980
Gedeborg
-25%
1.25 [0.95-1.65]
death
case control
Lyon
17%
0.83 [0.42-1.63]
death
15/944
19/994
Lee (PSW)
21%
0.79 [0.62-0.97]
severe case
76/295
727/2,427
MacFadden
7%
0.93 [0.88-0.98]
cases
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 56.8%, p = 0.16
Prophylaxis
7%
0.93 [0.85-1.03]
256/8,654
1,077/52,542
7% improvement
All studies
23%
0.77 [0.68-0.87]
325/9,360
1,229/53,504
23% improvement
34 antiandrogen COVID-19 studies
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 69.5%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome, see appendix)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 4. Random effects meta-analysis for all studies with pooled effects.
This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Vicenzi
93%
0.07 [0.04-0.53]
30 (n)
39 (n)
OT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Goren
-50%
1.50 [0.15-15.1]
1/12
2/36
Zarehoseinz.. (RCT)
75%
0.25 [0.03-2.14]
1/40
4/40
Ersoy (ICU)
46%
0.54 [0.36-0.81]
14/30
26/30
ICU patients
Welén (RCT)
80%
0.20 [0.01-4.65]
0/29
1/10
Kotfis (RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.25-2.74]
4/24
5/25
Abbasi (SB RCT)
55%
0.45 [0.18-1.13]
5/51
19/87
Gomaa (DB RCT)
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.56]
0/25
5/25
CT2
Hsieh
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.22]
0/117
4/143
CT2
Veru (DB RCT)
54%
0.46 [0.28-0.76]
20/98
23/52
Nickols (DB RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.32-1.82]
11/62
7/34
Gordon (DB RCT)
82%
0.18 [0.03-0.94]
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.12, I2 = 32.4%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment
57%
0.43 [0.29-0.63]
56/518
96/521
57% improvement
Montopoli
95%
0.05 [0.00-0.77]
0/5,273
18/37,161
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Koskinen
46%
0.54 [0.06-5.16]
1/134
3/218
Patel
55%
0.45 [0.11-1.47]
4/22
10/36
Bennani
95%
0.05 [0.00-2063]
0/4
18/114
Kwon
21%
0.79 [0.10-6.40]
1/799
7/4,412
Klein
-124%
2.24 [0.86-5.85]
6/304
13/1,475
Jiménez-Alcaide
33%
0.67 [0.26-1.74]
3/11
17/50
Schmidt (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.46-1.34]
25/169
44/308
Duarte
11%
0.89 [0.59-1.11]
100/156
32/43
Welén
2%
0.98 [0.61-1.59]
21/358
167/4,980
Gedeborg
-25%
1.25 [0.95-1.65]
case control
Lyon
17%
0.83 [0.42-1.63]
15/944
19/994
Tau2 = 0.04, I2 = 42.3%, p = 0.6
Prophylaxis
6%
0.94 [0.75-1.18]
176/8,174
348/49,791
6% improvement
All studies
34%
0.66 [0.51-0.86]
232/8,692
444/50,312
34% improvement
24 antiandrogen COVID-19 mortality results
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.16, I2 = 64.3%, p = 0.002
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 5. Random effects meta-analysis for mortality results.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Welén (RCT)
31%
0.69 [0.07-6.81]
2/29
1/10
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Abbasi (SB RCT)
34%
0.66 [0.30-1.48]
7/51
18/87
Gomaa (DB RCT)
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.56]
0/25
5/25
CT1
Hsieh
51%
0.49 [0.10-2.47]
2/117
5/143
CT1
Nickols (DB RCT)
-19%
1.19 [0.50-2.84]
13/62
6/34
Gordon (DB RCT)
76%
0.24 [0.03-1.63]
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.15
Late treatment
31%
0.69 [0.41-1.15]
24/284
35/299
31% improvement
Patel
69%
0.31 [0.05-1.81]
22 (n)
36 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.19
Prophylaxis
69%
0.31 [0.05-1.81]
0/22
0/36
69% improvement
All studies
35%
0.65 [0.40-1.05]
24/306
35/335
35% improvement
7 antiandrogen COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.08
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 6. Random effects meta-analysis for ventilation.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Goren
81%
0.19 [0.03-1.28]
1/12
17/36
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Zarehoseinz.. (RCT)
0%
1.00 [0.06-15.4]
1/40
1/40
Kotfis (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.35-2.28]
6/24
7/25
Abbasi (SB RCT)
19%
0.81 [0.42-1.59]
10/51
21/87
Hsieh
30%
0.70 [0.21-2.33]
4/117
7/143
CT1
Gordon (DB RCT)
73%
0.27 [0.09-0.86]
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.05
Late treatment
35%
0.65 [0.42-1.00]
22/244
53/331
35% improvement
Bennani
-119%
2.19 [0.37-12.9]
1/4
13/114
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Welén
-28%
1.28 [0.82-1.99]
24/358
216/4,980
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.18
Prophylaxis
-32%
1.32 [0.88-1.96]
25/362
229/5,094
-32% improvement
All studies
18%
0.82 [0.53-1.27]
47/606
282/5,425
18% improvement
8 antiandrogen COVID-19 ICU results
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.12, I2 = 34.4%, p = 0.38
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 7. Random effects meta-analysis for ICU admission.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Mareev (RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.77-1.09]
hosp. time
33 (n)
33 (n)
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Welén (RCT)
-50%
1.50 [1.10-2.04]
hosp. time
29 (n)
10 (n)
Davarpanah
78%
0.22 [0.08-0.55]
hosp.
6/103
23/103
CT1
Nickols (DB RCT)
-20%
1.20 [0.02-92.1]
hosp. time
62 (n)
34 (n)
Tau2 = 0.24, I2 = 84.8%, p = 0.48
Late treatment
20%
0.80 [0.43-1.47]
6/227
23/180
20% improvement
Patel
77%
0.23 [0.06-0.79]
hosp.
22 (n)
36 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Bennani
25%
0.75 [0.28-2.02]
hosp.
2/4
76/114
Kazan
-229%
3.29 [0.61-17.7]
hosp.
4/138
2/227
Welén
-23%
1.23 [0.96-1.56]
hosp.
126/358
1,108/4,980
Tau2 = 0.41, I2 = 67.3%, p = 0.78
Prophylaxis
11%
0.89 [0.40-1.97]
132/522
1,186/5,357
11% improvement
All studies
10%
0.90 [0.64-1.27]
138/749
1,209/5,537
10% improvement
8 antiandrogen COVID-19 hospitalization results
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.12, I2 = 78.2%, p = 0.58
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 8. Random effects meta-analysis for hospitalization.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Jiménez-Alcaide
-8%
1.08 [0.54-1.83]
11 (n)
50 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.77
Prophylaxis
-8%
1.08 [0.54-1.83]
0/11
0/50
-8% improvement
All studies
-8%
1.08 [0.66-1.76]
0/11
0/50
-8% improvement
1 antiandrogen COVID-19 progression result
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.77
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 9. Random effects meta-analysis for progression.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Cadegiani
77%
0.23 [0.08-0.66]
recov. time
8 (n)
262 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Cadegiani (DB RCT)
62%
0.38 [0.18-0.82]
no recov.
7/44
18/43
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.00032
Early treatment
68%
0.32 [0.17-0.59]
7/52
18/305
68% improvement
Mareev (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.65-1.22]
no recov.
33 (n)
33 (n)
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Welén (RCT)
-133%
2.33 [1.06-5.00]
no disch.
29 (n)
10 (n)
Davarpanah
64%
0.36 [0.21-0.60]
recov. time
103 (n)
103 (n)
CT1
Kotfis (RCT)
30%
0.70 [0.24-2.01]
TFS
24 (n)
25 (n)
Abbasi (SB RCT)
47%
0.53 [0.39-0.72]
no recov.
51 (n)
87 (n)
Gomaa (DB RCT)
44%
0.56 [0.40-0.79]
recov. time
25 (n)
25 (n)
CT1
Hsieh
88%
0.12 [0.01-2.22]
no recov.
0/117
4/143
CT1
Tau2 = 0.17, I2 = 74.1%, p = 0.04
Late treatment
33%
0.67 [0.45-0.98]
0/382
4/426
33% improvement
All studies
42%
0.58 [0.41-0.83]
7/434
22/731
42% improvement
9 antiandrogen COVID-19 recovery results
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.17, I2 = 71.6%, p = 0.0032
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 10. Random effects meta-analysis for recovery.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Montopoli
75%
0.25 [0.09-0.65]
cases
4/5,273
114/37,161
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Koskinen
11%
0.89 [0.34-2.34]
cases
6/134
11/218
Kwon
-18%
1.18 [0.70-1.96]
cases
18/799
79/4,412
Klein
7%
0.93 [0.55-1.56]
cases
17/304
85/1,475
Jeon
77%
0.23 [0.08-0.64]
cases
case control
Shaw (PSM)
6%
0.94 [0.88-1.01]
cases
47 (n)
97 (n)
Jiménez-Alcaide
-68%
1.68 [0.90-3.16]
cases
11/156
50/1,193
Kazan
29%
0.71 [0.39-1.32]
cases
13/138
30/227
Lyon
7%
0.93 [0.86-1.00]
cases
399/944
446/994
Lee (PSW)
11%
0.89 [0.82-0.95]
cases
295/3,057
2,427/36,096
MacFadden
7%
0.93 [0.88-0.98]
cases
n/a
n/a
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 58.0%, p = 0.025
Prophylaxis
9%
0.91 [0.85-0.99]
763/10,852
3,242/81,873
9% improvement
All studies
9%
0.91 [0.85-0.99]
763/10,852
3,242/81,873
9% improvement
11 antiandrogen COVID-19 case results
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.01, I2 = 58.0%, p = 0.025
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 11. Random effects meta-analysis for cases.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Cadegiani
38%
0.62 [0.42-0.91]
viral time
8 (n)
262 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.015
Early treatment
38%
0.62 [0.42-0.91]
0/8
0/262
38% improvement
Mareev (RCT)
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.25]
viral+
0/17
3/13
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Hsieh
36%
0.64 [0.51-0.80]
viral load
117 (n)
143 (n)
CT1
Tau2 = 0.23, I2 = 17.4%, p = 0.2
Late treatment
45%
0.55 [0.22-1.38]
0/134
3/156
45% improvement
All studies
37%
0.63 [0.52-0.77]
0/142
3/418
37% improvement
3 antiandrogen COVID-19 viral clearance results
c19early.com/aa May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors antiandrogen
Favors control
Figure 12. Random effects meta-analysis for viral clearance.