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Early, Late, PrEP, PEP |
Covid Analysis (Preprint) (meta analysis) |
meta-analysis |
Sleep for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 7 studies |
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• Statistically significant improvements are seen for mortality, hospitalization, recovery, and cases. 7 studies from 7 independent teams in 4 different countries show statistically significant improvements in isolation (6 for the most se.. |
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Early, Late, PrEP, PEP
Early, Late, PrEP, PEP
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| Sleep for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 7 studies |
| Covid Analysis (Preprint) (meta analysis) |
• Statistically significant improvements are seen for mortality, hospitalization, recovery, and cases. 7 studies from 7 independent teams in 4 different countries show statistically significant improvements in isolation (6 for the most serious outcome).• Meta analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 35% [20‑48%] improvement. Results are similar for peer-reviewed studies. • Studies analyze sleep quality before infection. • No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral damage, and endemic risk.• All data to reproduce this paper and sources are in the appendix.
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Covid Analysis et al., 5/20/2022, preprint, 1 author.
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PrEPPEP |
Paul et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.22273792 (Preprint) |
no recov., ↓67.3%, p<0.0001 |
Health behaviours the month prior to COVID-19 infection and the development of self-reported long COVID and specific long COVID symptoms: A longitudinal analysis of 1,811 UK adults |
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Retrospective 1,811 COVID-19 patients in the UK, showing lower risk of self-reported long COVID with good sleep quality in the month before infection. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Health behaviours the month prior to COVID-19 infection and the development of self-reported long COVID and specific long COVID symptoms: A longitudinal analysis of 1,811 UK adults |
| Paul et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.22273792 (Preprint) |
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Retrospective 1,811 COVID-19 patients in the UK, showing lower risk of self-reported long COVID with good sleep quality in the month before infection.
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risk of long COVID, 67.3% lower, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, adjusted, OR converted to RR, very good/good vs. not good/very poor, multivariable, model 4, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.
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risk of long COVID, 54.0% lower, RR 0.46, p = 0.002, adjusted, OR converted to RR, very good/good vs. average, multivariable, model 4, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence.
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Paul et al., 4/13/2022, retrospective, United Kingdom, Europe, preprint, survey, 2 authors.
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PrEPPEP |
Kim et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000228 |
m/s case, ↓17.0%, p=0.03 |
COVID-19 illness in relation to sleep and burnout |
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Retrospective 2,884 high-risk healthcare workers in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and the USA, showing shorter sleep duration associated with increased risk of COVID-19 cases and severity. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| COVID-19 illness in relation to sleep and burnout |
| Kim et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000228 |
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Retrospective 2,884 high-risk healthcare workers in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and the USA, showing shorter sleep duration associated with increased risk of COVID-19 cases and severity.
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risk of moderate/severe case, 17.0% lower, OR 0.83, p = 0.03, per extra hour of sleep, RR approximated with OR.
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risk of case, 11.0% lower, OR 0.89, p = 0.003, per extra hour of sleep, model 3, RR approximated with OR.
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Kim et al., 3/22/2022, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, survey, mean age 48.0, 8 authors, study period 17 July, 2020 - 25 September, 2020.
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PrEPPEP |
Huang et al., Nature and Science of Sleep, doi:10.2147/NSS.S263488 |
severe case, ↓80.9%, p=0.02 |
Reduced Sleep in the Week Prior to Diagnosis of COVID-19 is Associated with the Severity of COVID-19 |
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Retrospective 164 COVID-19 patients and 188 controls in China, showing the risk of severe cases associated with lack of sleep. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Reduced Sleep in the Week Prior to Diagnosis of COVID-19 is Associated with the Severity of COVID-19 |
| Huang et al., Nature and Science of Sleep, doi:10.2147/NSS.S263488 |
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Retrospective 164 COVID-19 patients and 188 controls in China, showing the risk of severe cases associated with lack of sleep.
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risk of severe case, 80.9% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.02, higher quality sleep 12 of 127 (9.4%), lower quality sleep 4 of 9 (44.4%), NNT 2.9, adjusted, OR converted to RR, recommended vs. lack of sleep, multivariable.
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Huang et al., 11/30/2021, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, survey, 5 authors, study period 10 February, 2020 - 28 March, 2020.
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PrEPPEP |
Mohsin et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/IDR.S331470 |
severe case, ↓37.9%, p<0.0001 |
Lifestyle and Comorbidity-Related Risk Factors of Severe and Critical COVID-19 Infection: A Comparative Study Among Survived COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh |
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Retrospective 1,500 COVID+ patients in Bangladesh, showing lower risk of severe cases with good sleep. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Lifestyle and Comorbidity-Related Risk Factors of Severe and Critical COVID-19 Infection: A Comparative Study Among Survived COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh |
| Mohsin et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/IDR.S331470 |
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Retrospective 1,500 COVID+ patients in Bangladesh, showing lower risk of severe cases with good sleep.
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risk of severe case, 37.9% lower, RR 0.62, p < 0.001, higher quality sleep 327 of 948 (34.5%), lower quality sleep 273 of 552 (49.5%), NNT 6.7, adjusted, OR converted to RR, sleep disturbance, multivariable.
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Mohsin et al., 9/30/2021, retrospective, Bangladesh, South Asia, peer-reviewed, survey, 10 authors, study period November 2020 - April 2021.
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PrEPPEP |
Li et al., Sleep, doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab138 |
death, ↓43.2%, p=0.02 |
Poor sleep behavior burden and risk of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization |
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UK Biobank retrospective, 46,535 participants with sleep behavior assessed between 2006 and 2010, showing higher risk of hospitalization and mortality with poor sleep. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Poor sleep behavior burden and risk of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization |
| Li et al., Sleep, doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab138 |
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UK Biobank retrospective, 46,535 participants with sleep behavior assessed between 2006 and 2010, showing higher risk of hospitalization and mortality with poor sleep.
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risk of death, 43.2% lower, OR 0.57, p = 0.02, fully adjusted model C, significant poor sleep burden, RR approximated with OR.
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risk of hospitalization, 35.9% lower, OR 0.64, p = 0.008, fully adjusted model C, significant poor sleep burden, RR approximated with OR.
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risk of hospitalization, 21.3% lower, OR 0.79, p = 0.02, fully adjusted model C, moderate poor sleep burden, RR approximated with OR.
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Li et al., 6/18/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, mean age 69.4, 8 authors, study period March 2020 - December 2020.
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PrEPPEP |
Marcus et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253120 |
symp. case, ↓16.0%, p=0.0007 |
Predictors of incident viral symptoms ascertained in the era of COVID-19 |
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Prospective survey based study with 14,335 participants, showing risk of viral symptoms associated with shorter sleep duration. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Predictors of incident viral symptoms ascertained in the era of COVID-19 |
| Marcus et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253120 |
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Prospective survey based study with 14,335 participants, showing risk of viral symptoms associated with shorter sleep duration.
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risk of symptomatic case, 16.0% lower, OR 0.84, p < 0.001, adjusted, per extra hour sleep, multivariable, RR approximated with OR.
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Marcus et al., 6/17/2021, prospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, survey, 12 authors, study period 26 March, 2020 - 3 May, 2020.
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PrEPPEP |
Holt et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487 |
cases, ↓12.3%, p=0.50 |
Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) |
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Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing reduced risk of COVID-19 cases with 8 hours sleep, with statistical significance when compared with ≥9 hours. NCT04330599. COVIDENCE UK. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) |
| Holt et al., Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217487 |
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Prospective survey-based study with 15,227 people in the UK, showing reduced risk of COVID-19 cases with 8 hours sleep, with statistical significance when compared with ≥9 hours. NCT04330599. COVIDENCE UK.
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risk of case, 12.3% lower, OR 0.88, p = 0.50, adjusted, fully adjusted, 8 hours vs. ≤6 hours, RR approximated with OR.
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risk of case, 12.3% lower, OR 0.88, p = 0.33, adjusted, fully adjusted, 8 hours vs. 7 hours, RR approximated with OR.
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risk of case, 22.5% lower, OR 0.78, p = 0.04, adjusted, fully adjusted, 8 hours vs. ≥9 hours, RR approximated with OR.
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Holt et al., 3/30/2021, prospective, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 34 authors, study period 1 May, 2020 - 5 February, 2021, trial NCT04330599. |
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