Metformin for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 7 studies

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Database of all metformin COVID-19 studies. Studies to date are mostly with diabetic patients. Submit updates/corrections.


Oct 6	PrEP	Wander et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc21-1351 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓15.0%, p<0.0001	Prior Glucose-Lowering Medication Use and 30-Day Outcomes Among 64,892 Veterans With Diabetes and COVID-19
	Details Retrospective 64,892 veterans with diabetes in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin use.
Oct 6	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Wander et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc21-1351 (Peer Reviewed)
	Prior Glucose-Lowering Medication Use and 30-Day Outcomes Among 64,892 Veterans With Diabetes and COVID-19
	Retrospective 64,892 veterans with diabetes in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin use. risk of death, 15.0% lower, RR 0.85, p < 0.001, treatment 29685, control 35207, OR converted to RR, logistic regression, within 30 days of diagnosis, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence. risk of ICU admission, 1.9% lower, RR 0.98, p = 0.59, treatment 29685, control 35207, OR converted to RR, logistic regression, within 30 days of diagnosis, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence. risk of hospitalization, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.03, treatment 29685, control 35207, OR converted to RR, logistic regression, within 30 days of diagnosis, control prevalance approximated with overall prevalence. Wander et al., 10/6/2021, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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Aug 31	Early	Reis et al., Preprint (Preprint)	hosp./ER, ↑15.0%, p=0.56	Effect of Early Treatment with Metformin on Risk of Emergency Care and Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19: The TOGETHER Randomized Platform Clinical Trial
	Details RCT with 217 patients treated with metformin and 206 controls, showing no significant difference with treatment. Limited information is provided in the preprint. Time since symptom onset is not specified. The trial may share some similar ..
Aug 31	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Reis et al., Preprint (Preprint)
	Effect of Early Treatment with Metformin on Risk of Emergency Care and Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19: The TOGETHER Randomized Platform Clinical Trial
	RCT with 217 patients treated with metformin and 206 controls, showing no significant difference with treatment. Limited information is provided in the preprint. Time since symptom onset is not specified. The trial may share some similar issues with the companion ivermectin trial [1]. [1] c19ivermectin.com/togetherivm.html extended ER observation or hospitalization, 15.0% higher, RR 1.15, p = 0.56, treatment 32 of 217 (14.7%), control 27 of 206 (13.1%), ITT. extended ER observation or hospitalization, 18.0% higher, RR 1.18, p = 0.50, treatment 217, control 206, per protocol. risk of no virological cure, 3.8% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.57, treatment 217, control 206, adjusted. Reis et al., 8/31/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, South America, preprint, 13 authors.
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Jan 13	PrEP	Crouse et al., Front. Endocrinol., doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.600439 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓60.8%, p=0.02	Metformin Use Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in a Diverse Population With COVID-19 and Diabetes
	Details Retrospective 219 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment.
Jan 13	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Crouse et al., Front. Endocrinol., doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.600439 (Peer Reviewed)
	Metformin Use Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in a Diverse Population With COVID-19 and Diabetes
	Retrospective 219 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment. risk of death, 60.8% lower, RR 0.39, p = 0.02, treatment 8 of 76 (10.5%), control 34 of 144 (23.6%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, multiple logistic regression. Crouse et al., 1/13/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Dec 3 2020	PrEP	Bramante et al., The Lancet Healthy Longevity, doi:10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30033-7 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓7.2%, p=0.15	Metformin and risk of mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort analysis
	Details Retrospective 6,256 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment, statistically significant only for women.
Dec 3 2020	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Bramante et al., The Lancet Healthy Longevity, doi:10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30033-7 (Peer Reviewed)
	Metformin and risk of mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort analysis
	Retrospective 6,256 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment, statistically significant only for women. risk of death, 7.2% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.15, treatment 394 of 2333 (16.9%), control 791 of 3923 (20.2%), OR converted to RR, PSM, all patients. risk of death, 24.1% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.02, treatment 1129, control 2173, PSM, women, RR approximated with OR. risk of death, 4.3% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.69, treatment 1204, control 1750, Cox proportional hazards, men, RR approximated with OR. Bramante et al., 12/3/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 17 authors.
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Jul 31 2020	PrEP	Chen et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc20-0660 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓33.0%, p=0.46	Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Diabetes and COVID-19 in Association With Glucose-Lowering Medication
	Details Retrospective 120 COVID-19 diabetes patients, showing non-statistically significantly lower mortality with existing metformin treatment.
Jul 31 2020	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Chen et al., Diabetes Care, doi:10.2337/dc20-0660 (Peer Reviewed)
	Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Diabetes and COVID-19 in Association With Glucose-Lowering Medication
	Retrospective 120 COVID-19 diabetes patients, showing non-statistically significantly lower mortality with existing metformin treatment. risk of death, 33.0% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.46, treatment 4 of 43 (9.3%), control 15 of 77 (19.5%), adjusted, OR converted to RR. Chen et al., 7/31/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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Jul 14 2020	PrEP	Wang et al., Journal of Hematology & Oncology, doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00934-x (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓57.7%, p=0.43	A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward
	Details Retrospective 58 multiple myeloma COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing non-statistically significant lower mortality with metformin treatment.
Jul 14 2020	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Wang et al., Journal of Hematology & Oncology, doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00934-x (Peer Reviewed)
	A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward
	Retrospective 58 multiple myeloma COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing non-statistically significant lower mortality with metformin treatment. risk of death, 57.7% lower, RR 0.42, p = 0.43, treatment 1 of 9 (11.1%), control 13 of 49 (26.5%), OR converted to RR. Wang et al., 7/14/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.
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May 21 2020	PrEP	Luo et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0375 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓74.7%, p=0.02	Metformin Treatment Was Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes in a Retrospective Analysis
	Details Retrospective 283 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in China, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment.
May 21 2020	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Luo et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0375 (Peer Reviewed)
	Metformin Treatment Was Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes in a Retrospective Analysis
	Retrospective 283 COVID-19+ diabetes patients in China, showing lower mortality with existing metformin treatment. risk of death, 74.7% lower, RR 0.25, p = 0.02, treatment 3 of 104 (2.9%), control 22 of 179 (12.3%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariate. Luo et al., 5/21/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are both extremely valuable and complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. Treatment protocols for physicians are available from the FLCCC.

Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be the date of an earlier preprint.

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Aspirin	Metformin
Bamlanivimab	Molnupiravir
Bromhexine	Nigella Sativa
Budesonide	Nitazoxanide
Casirivimab/i..	Povidone-Iod..
Colchicine	Probiotics
Conv. Plasma	Proxalutamide
Curcumin	Quercetin
Favipiravir	Remdesivir
Fluvoxamine	Sotrovimab
Hydroxychloro..	Vitamin A
Iota-carragee..	Vitamin C
Ivermectin	Vitamin D
Melatonin	Zinc

Other	Adoption