All Studies Meta Analysis Recent:

Vitamin C—An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-19

Holford et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12123760

Dec 2020

Post
Facebook

Source PDF All Studies Meta AnalysisMeta

Vitamin C for COVID-19

6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020

^*, now known with p = 0.000000087 from 70 studies, recognized in 11 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, and recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,000+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org

Review of vitamin C use for respiratory infections including COVID-19 and the mechanisms of action. Authors note that evidence to date indicates oral vitamin C (2–8 g/day) may reduce the incidence and duration of respiratory infections, and intravenous vitamin C (6–24 g/day) has been shown to reduce mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and time on mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory infections. Authors conclude that given the favourable safety profile and low cost of vitamin C, and the frequency of vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, it may be worthwhile testing patients’ vitamin C status and treating them accordingly with intravenous administration within ICUs and oral administration in hospitalised COVID-19 patients.

Reviews covering vitamin C for COVID-19 include Arora, Biancatelli, Feyaerts, Foshati, Hemilä, Hemilä (B), Holford, May, Schloss, Yamasaki.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

1. Arora et al., Global Dietary and Herbal Supplement Use during COVID-19—A Scoping Review, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15030771.mdpi.com, doi.org.

2. Biancatelli et al., Quercetin and Vitamin C: An Experimental, Synergistic Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Related Disease (COVID-19), Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01451.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

3. Feyaerts et al., Vitamin C as prophylaxis and adjunctive medical treatment for COVID-19?, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110948.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

4. Foshati et al., Antioxidants and clinical outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review of observational and interventional studies, Food Science & Nutrition, doi:10.1002/fsn3.3034.wiley.com, doi.org.

5. Hemilä et al., Bias against Vitamin C in Mainstream Medicine: Examples from Trials of Vitamin C for Infections, Life, doi:10.3390/life12010062.mdpi.com, doi.org.

6. Hemilä (B) et al., Vitamin C and COVID-19, Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.559811.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

7. Holford et al., Vitamin C—An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-19, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12123760.mdpi.com, doi.org.

8. May et al., Therapeutic potential of megadose vitamin C to reverse organ dysfunction in sepsis and COVID-19, British Journal of Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/bph.15579.wiley.com, doi.org.

9. Schloss et al., Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID, Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01183-3.springer.com, doi.org.

10. Yamasaki et al., Pleiotropic Functions of Nitric Oxide Produced by Ascorbate for the Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19: A Revaluation of Pauling’s Vitamin C Therapy, Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11020397.mdpi.com, doi.org.

Holford et al., 7 Dec 2020, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.

This Paper Vitamin C All

Vitamin C—An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-19

Patrick Holford, Anitra C Carr, Thomas H Jovic, Stephen R Ali, Iain S Whitaker, Paul E Marik, A David Smith

Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12123760

There are limited proven therapies for COVID-19. Vitamin C's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects make it a potential therapeutic candidate, both for the prevention and amelioration of COVID-19 infection, and as an adjunctive therapy in the critical care of COVID-19. This literature review focuses on vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, including COVID-19, and the mechanisms of action in infectious disease, including support of the stress response, its role in preventing and treating colds and pneumonia, and its role in treating sepsis and COVID-19. The evidence to date indicates that oral vitamin C (2-8 g/day) may reduce the incidence and duration of respiratory infections and intravenous vitamin C (6-24 g/day) has been shown to reduce mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and time on mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory infections. Further trials are urgently warranted. Given the favourable safety profile and low cost of vitamin C, and the frequency of vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, it may be worthwhile testing patients' vitamin C status and treating them accordingly with intravenous administration within ICUs and oral administration in hospitalised persons with COVID-19.

Author Contributions: Conceptualisation, P.H.; writing-original draft preparation, P.H., T.H.J., S.R.A, I.S.W., A.C.C.; writing-review and editing, P.E.M., A.D.S.; visualisation, T.H.J., S.R.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

Arvinte, Singh, Marik, Serum levels of vitamin C and vitamin D in a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients of a north American community hospital intensive care unit in May 2020: A pilot study, Med. Drug Discov, doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100064

Atherton, Kratzing, Fisher, The effect of ascorbic acid on infection chick-embryo ciliated tracheal organ cultures by coronavirus, Arch. Virol, doi:10.1007/BF01317848

Auer, Auer, Rodgers, The effect of ascorbic acid ingestion on the biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med, doi:10.1515/CCLM.1998.027

Bakaev, Duntau, Ascorbic acid in blood serum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia, Int. J. Tuberc. Lung. Dis

Barabutis, Khangoora, Marik, Catravas, Hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid synergistically prevent and repair lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction, Chest, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.014

Bates, Collins, Cox, Nicholson, Page et al., National Diet and Nutrition Survey Years 1 to 9 of the Rolling Programme

Bates, Prentice, Cole, Van Der Pols, Doyle et al., Micronutrients: Highlights and research challenges from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, Br. J. Nutr, doi:10.1017/S0007114599001063

Berger, Bischoff-Ferrari, Zimmermann, Herter, Spieldenner et al., White Paper on Nutritional Status in Supporting a Well-Functioning Immune System for Optimal Health with a Recommendation for Switzerland

Biancatelli, Berrill, Marik, The antiviral properties of vitamin C, Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther, doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1706483

Blanco-Melo, Nilsson-Payant, Liu, Uhl, Hoagland et al., Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026

Bosmann, Ward, The inflammatory response in sepsis, Trends Immunol, doi:10.1016/j.it.2012.09.004

Brinkmann, Reichard, Goosmann, Fauler, Uhlemann et al., Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria, Science, doi:10.1126/science.1092385

Calder, Carr, Gombart, Eggersdorfer, Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12041181

Calder, Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19, BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health, doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085

Carr, Is the VITAMINS RCT indicating potential redundancy between corticosteroids and vitamin C?, Crit. Care, doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02853-2

Carr, Maggini, Vitamin C and immune function, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu9111211

Carr, Rosengrave, Bayer, Chambers, Mehrtens et al., Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes, Crit. Care, doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1891-y

Carr, Rowe, Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A global health perspective, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12071963

Carr, Spencer, Dixon, Chambers, Patients with community acquired pneumonia exhibit depleted vitamin C status and elevated oxidative stress, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12051318

Carr, Vitamin C in pneumonia and sepsis

Cathcart, Vitamin C, titrating to bowel tolerance, anascorbemia, and acute induced scurvy, Med. Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/0306-9877(81)90126-2

Chakrabarti, Banerjee, Dehydroascorbic acid level in blood of patients suffering from various infectious diseases, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med, doi:10.3181/00379727-88-21659

Chen, Luo, Yuan, Wang, Yang et al., Vitamin C mitigates oxidative stress and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in severe community-acquired pneumonia and LPS-induced macrophages, Mediators Inflamm, doi:10.1155/2014/426740

Chen, Vissers, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis

Chiscano-Camón, Ruiz-Rodriguez, Ruiz-Sanmartin, Roca, Ferrer, Vitamin C levels in patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, Crit. Care, doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03249-y

Curhan, Willett, Speizer, Stampfer, Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol

Dahl, Degre, The effect of ascorbic acid on production of human interferon and the antiviral activity in vitro, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B, doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1976.tb01938.x

Davelaar, Bos, Ascorbic acid and infectious bronchitis infections in broilers, Avian Pathol, doi:10.1080/03079459208418879

De Grooth, Manubulu-Choo, Zandvliet, Spoelstra-De Man, Girbes et al., Vitamin-C pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: A randomized trial of four intravenous regimens, Chest, doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.025

Doise, Aho, Quenot, Guilland, Zeller et al., Plasma antioxidant status in septic critically ill patients: A decrease over time, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol, doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00573.x

Drouin, Godin, Page, The genetics of vitamin C loss in vertebrates, Curr. Genomics

Erol, Saglam, Saglam, Erol, Altun et al., The protection potential of antioxidant vitamins against acute respiratory distress syndrome: A rat trial, Inflammation

Evans-Olders, Eintracht, Hoffer, Metabolic origin of hypovitaminosis C in acutely hospitalized patients, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.015

Fain, Paries, Jacquart, Le Moel, Kettaneh et al., Hypovitaminosis C in hospitalized patients, Eur. J. Intern. Med, doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2003.08.006

Fisher, Kashiouris, Vitamin C for sepsis and acute respiratory failure-Reply, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2019.21987

Fisher, Kraskauskas, Martin, Farkas, Wegelin et al., Mechanisms of attenuation of abdominal sepsis induced acute lung injury by ascorbic acid, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajplung.00300.2011

Fowler, Iii, None

Fowler, Syed, Knowlson, Sculthorpe, Farthing et al., Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis, J. Transl. Med, doi:10.1186/1479-5876-12-32

Fujii, Luethi, Young, Frei, Eastwood et al., Effect of Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and Thiamine vs Hydrocortisone Alone on Time Alive and Free of Vasopressor Support Among Patients with Septic Shock: The VITAMINS Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2019.22176

Gan, Eintracht, Hoffer, Vitamin C deficiency in a university teaching hospital, J. Am. Coll. Nutr, doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719721

Gan, Rosoman, Henshaw, Noble, Georgius et al., COVID-19 as a viral functional ACE2 deficiency disorder with ACE2 related multi-organ disease, Med. Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110024

Gerster, High-dose vitamin C: A risk for persons with high iron stores?, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res, doi:10.1024/0300-9831.69.2.67

Glazebrook, Thomson, The administration of vitamin C in a large institution and its effect on general health and resistance to infection, J. Hyg, doi:10.1017/S0022172400012596

Grommes, Soehnlein, Contribution of neutrophils to acute lung injury, Mol. Med

Habib, Ahmed, Early adjuvant intravenous vitamin C treatment in septic shock may resolve the vasopressor dependence, Int. J. Microbiol. Adv. Immunol

Hemila, Chalker, Vitamin C can shorten the length of stay in the ICU: A meta-analysis, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu11040708

Hemila, Chalker, Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: A meta-regression analysis, J. Intensive Care, doi:10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y

Hemila, Vitamin C and infectious diseases

Hemilä, Chalker, Reanalysis of the effect of vitamin C on mortality in the CITRIS-ALI trial: Important findings dismissed in the trial report, Front. Med, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.590853

Hemilä, Chalker, Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4

Hemilä, Louhiala, Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev

Hemilä, Louhiala, Vitamin C may affect lung infections, J. R. Soc. Med, doi:10.1177/014107680710001109

Hemilä, Vitamin C and infections, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu9040339

Hiedra, Lo, Elbashabsheh, Gul, Wright et al., The use of IV vitamin C for patients with COVID-19: A case series, Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther, doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1794819

Horby, Lim, Emberson, Mafham, Bell et al., Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19-preliminary report, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021436

Hornig, Distribution of ascorbic acid, metabolites and analogues in man and animals, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29271.x

Hume, Weyers, Changes in leucocyte ascorbic acid during the common cold, Scott. Med. J

Hunt, Chakravorty, Annan, Habibzadeh, Schorah, The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res

Jiang, Tang, Liu, Xu, Ye et al., Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stones incidence among men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Urol. J

Jovic, Ali, Ibrahim, Jessop, Tarassoli et al., Could vitamins help in the fight against COVID-19?, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092550

Kashiouris, ; L'heureux, Cable, Fisher, Leichtle et al., The emerging role of vitamin C as a treatment for sepsis, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12020292

Kim, Kim, Bae, Choi, Lim et al., Vitamin C is an essential factor on the anti-viral immune responses through the production of interferon-a/b at the initial stage of influenza A virus (H3N2) infection, Immune Netw, doi:10.4110/in.2013.13.2.70

Kimbarowski, Mokrow, Colored precipitation reaction of the urine according to Kimbarowski (FARK) as an index of the effect of ascorbic acid during treatment of viral influenza, Dtsch Gesundheitsw

Klenner, Massive doses of vitamin C and the virus diseases, South Med. Surg

Kodama, Kodama, Murakami, Kodama, Vitamin C infusion treatment enhances cortisol production of the adrenal via the pituitary ACTH route, Vivo

Kory, Kanne, SARS-CoV-2 organising pneumonia: 'Has there been a widespread failure to identify and treat this prevalent condition in COVID-19?, BMJ Open Respir. Res, doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000724

Kumar, Jena, In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against COVID-19, Res. Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-31775/v1

Levine, Conry-Cantilena, Wang, Welch, Washko et al., Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: Evidence for a recommended dietary allowance, doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704

Levine, Wang, Padayatty, Morrow, A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women, doi:10.1073/pnas.171318198

Long, Kory, Marik, Vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine for septic shock, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5844

Long, Maull, Krishnan, Laws, Geiger et al., Ascorbic acid dynamics in the seriously ill and injured, J. Surg. Res

Ma, Sun, Li, Fan, Qu et al., Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of primate cardiopulmonary aging, Cell Res, doi:10.1038/s41422-020-00412-6

Marik, Hooper, Doctor-your septic patients have scurvy!, Crit. Care, doi:10.1186/s13054-018-1950-z

Marik, Is intravenous vitamin C contraindicated in patients with G6PD deficiency?, Crit. Care, doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2397-6

Marik, Kory, Varon, Iglesias, Meduri, MATH+ protocol for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: The scientific rationale, Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther, doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1808462

Marik, Vitamin C for the treatment of sepsis: The scientific rationale, Pharmacol. Ther

Marik, Vitamin, An essential "stress hormone" during sepsis, J. Thorac. Dis

May, Harrison, Role of vitamin C in the function of the vascular endothelium, Antioxid. Redox Signal, doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5205

May, Qu, Ascorbic acid prevents oxidant-induced increases in endothelial permeability, Biofactors, doi:10.1002/biof.134

Michels, Joisher, Hagen, Age-related decline of sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, doi:10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00678-1

Milton, Micronutrient intakes of wild primates: Are humans different? Comp, Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol, doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00084-9

Milton, Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: Do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us?, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00078-7

Mochalkin, Ascorbic acid in the complex therapy of acute pneumonia, Voen. Med. Zhurnal

Mohammed, Fisher, Kraskauskas, Farkas, Brophy et al., None

Mosdol, Erens, Brunner, Estimated prevalence and predictors of vitamin C deficiency within UK's low-income population, J. Public Health, doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdn076

Myint, Wilson, Clark, Luben, Wareham et al., Plasma vitamin C concentrations and risk of incident respiratory diseases and mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk population-based cohort study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr, doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0393-1

Natarajan, Brophy, Effect of vitamin C infusion on organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory failure: The CITRIS-ALI randomized clinical trial, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2019.11825

Natarajan, Vitamin C: A novel regulator of neutrophil extracellular trap formation, Nutrients

Ni, Yang, Yang, Bao, Li et al., Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19, Crit. Care

Nualart, Rivas, Montecinos, Godoy, Guaiquil et al., Recycling of vitamin C by a bystander effect, J. Biol. Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.M210686200

Padayatty, Doppman, Chang, Wang, Gill et al., Human adrenal glands secrete vitamin C in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Am. J. Clin. Nutr

Padayatty, Sun, Chen, Espey, Drisko et al., Vitamin C: Intravenous use by complementary and alternative medicine practitioners and adverse effects, PLoS ONE

Padayatty, Sun, Wang, Riordan, Hewitt et al., Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: Implications for oral and intravenous use, Ann. Intern. Med

Patterson, Isales, Fulzele, Low level of vitamin C and dysregulation of vitamin C transporter might be involved in the severity of COVID-19 Infection, Aging Dis

Pauling, The significance of the evidence about ascorbic acid and the common cold, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1073/pnas.68.11.2678

Pauling, Vitamin C the Common Cold and Flu

Pitt, Costrini, Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits, JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03290350028016

Ravindran, Wiltshire, Das, Wilson, Vitamin C deficiency in an Australian cohort of metropolitan surgical patients, Pathology, doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2018.07.004

Robitaille, Mamer, Miller, Jr, Levine et al., Oxalic acid excretion after intravenous ascorbic acid administration, Metabolism, doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2008.09.023

Schorah, Downing, Piripitsi, Gallivan, Al-Hazaa et al., Total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid concentrations in plasma of critically ill patients, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, doi:10.1093/ajcn/63.5.760

Sen, Packer, Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription, FASEB J

Subramanian, Sabui, Moradi, Marchant, Said, Inhibition of intestinal ascorbic acid uptake by lipopolysaccharide is mediated via transcriptional mechanisms, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr, doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.010

Subramanian, Sabui, Subramenium, Marchant, Said, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha) reduces intestinal vitamin C uptake: A role for NF-kB-mediated signaling, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00071.2018

Teixeira, Carrie, Genereau, Herson, Cherin, Vitamin C deficiency in elderly hospitalized patients, Am. J. Med, doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00893-2

Thomas, Holt, Vitamin C and immunity: An assessment of the evidence, Clin. Exp. Immunol

Truwit, Hite, Morris, Dewilde, Priday et al., None

Van Straten, Josling, Preventing the common cold with a vitamin C supplement: A double-blind, placebo-controlled survey, Adv. Ther, doi:10.1007/BF02850271

Vitamin, C. REMAP-CAP: Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Vitamin, Fact Sheet for Health Professionals USA

Vizcaychipi, Shovlin, Mccarthy, Howard, Brown et al., Development and implementation of a COVID-19 near real-time traffic light system in an acute hospital setting, Emerg. Med. J, doi:10.1136/emermed-2020-210199

Voigt, Kontush, Stuerenburg, Muench-Harrach, Hansen et al., Decreased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ascorbate levels in patients with septic encephalopathy, Free Radic. Res, doi:10.1080/10715760290032557

Wang, Russo, Kwon, Chanock, Rumsey et al., Ascorbate recycling in human neutrophils: Induction by bacteria, doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13816

Waqas Khan, Parikh, Megala, Predeteanu, Unusual early recovery of a critical COVID-19 patient after administration of intravenous vitamin C, Am. J. Case Rep

Webb, Villamor, Update: Effects of antioxidant and non-antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune function, Nutr. Rev, doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00298.x

Zabet, Mohammadi, Ramezani, Khalili, Effect of high-dose ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock, J. Res. Pharm. Pract

Zhang, Jativa, Vitamin C supplementation in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis, SAGE Open Med, doi:10.1177/2050312118807615

Zhang, Rao, Li, Zhu, Liu et al., High-dose vitamin C infusion for the treatment of critically ill COVID-19, Res, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-52778/v1

Download Image

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

Submit

Post

@CovidAnalysis

FAQ

Public domain CC0 1.0