Top
All studies
Early treatment
Mortality
Early mortality
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis mortality
Physicians
Recently added
Recent studies
Feedback
Analgesics⏵
Antiandrogens⏵
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle⏵
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals⏵
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals⏵
Naso/orophar..⏵
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins⏵
More⏵

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Efficacy vs. cost
Efficacy timeline
Cost per life saved
Efficacy overview
Treatment delay
 
All studies
Early treatment
Mortality
Early mortality
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis mortality
 
Physician results
Recently added
 
Feedback
Home
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSelect treatment..Select..
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Azvudine Meta
Bromhexine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Curcumin Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta
Home Adoption Other Treatments
@CovidAnalysis

COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 4,068 studies

Post
Share
@CovidAnalysis
FeedbackFeedback
Analysis of 69 COVID-19 early treatments, approvals in 105 countries, database of 7,460 treatments  
Recently added (more..)  Convalescent Plasma  Vitamin D  Curcumin  Quercetin
Aghasadeghi
189 patient spirulina late treatment RCT: 85% lower mortality (p=0.0002) and 75% higher hospital discharge (p=0.003)
Tse
Analysis of the CONCUR-1 RCT showing that convalescent plasma was associated with higher costs, longer hospital stays, and lower quality-adjusted..
Alcalá-Santiago
In Vitro study showing that vitamin D inhibits inflammatory cytokine production in THP-1 cells stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Authors..
Vaiss
In Vitro and Ex Vivo study showing that curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions (NEs) for nasal administration inhibited murine β..
Waqas
In Silico and In Vitro study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) by quercetin and four other natural compounds isolated..
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -25% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Acetaminophen Lufotrelvir $2,000+ Cannabidiol Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma $5,000 Ibuprofen Remdesivir $3,120 Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Famotidine Paxlovid Vitamin C NAC HCQ Zinc Probiotics Colchicine Sotrovimab $2,100 Budesonide Metformin Sleep Antiandro.. Azvudine Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Fluvox. Exercise Curcumin N. Sativa Melatonin Tixagevimab/c.. pH+ Bamlanivimab/e.. Quercetin Casirivimab/i.. $2,100 Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab $2,100 Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lower risk Higher risk c19early.org April 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of 50+ host and viral proteinsand other factors, many treatments are known to modulate these.0.6% of 7,000+ proposed treatments show efficacy with ≥3 studies.Protocols combine treatments, none are 100% effective.c19early analyzes over 4,000 studies for 69 treatments.
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -25% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Acetaminophen Lufotrelvir Cannabidiol Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma Ibuprofen Remdesivir Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Famotidine Paxlovid Vitamin C NAC HCQ Zinc Probiotics Colchicine Sotrovimab Budesonide Metformin Sleep Antiandro.. Azvudine Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Fluvox. Exercise Curcumin N. Sativa Melatonin Tixagevimab/c.. pH+ Bamlaniv.. Quercetin Casirivim.. Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lower risk Higher risk c19early.org April 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of 50+ host and viralproteins and other factors, many treatments are knownto modulate these. 0.6% of 7,000+ proposed treatmentsshow efficacy with ≥3 studies. Protocols combinetreatments, none are 100% effective. c19early analyzesover 4,000 studies for 69 treatments.
Azvudine Evusheld Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Alkalinization Phthalocyanine Fluvoxamine Famotidine Aspirin Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2022 2023 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org April 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Azvudine Evusheld Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Alkalinization Phthalocyanine Fluvoxamine Famotidine Aspirin Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2022 2023 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org April 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
April 2024
c19early.org
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
67
36%
  $11
Zinc
20
29%
  $16
Vitamin C
42
19%
  $17
Ivermectin
51
49%
  $25
Colchicine
42
29%
  $26
HCQ
250
25%
  $27
Alkalinization
5
42%
  $28
Aspirin
63
11%
  $33
Vitamin A
5
30%
  $45
Curcumin
8
63%
  $59
Famotidine
21
18%
  $94
Probiotics
8
61%
  $99
Quercetin
5
61%
  $127
Metformin
62
34%
  $144
Antiandrogens
32
37%
  $179
Nigella Sativa
5
57%
  $187
Budesonide
12
26%
  $574
Nitazoxanide
6
42%
  $680
Azvudine
13
34%
  $1,237
Fluvoxamine
9
43%
  $1,283
Favipiravir
38
12%
  $1,717
Tixagev../c..
10
42%
  $74,506
Molnupiravir
18
22%
  $148,470
Paxlovid
28
31%
  $157,070
Casirivimab/i..
9
31%
  $203,958
Bamlaniv../e..
12
56%
  $269,237
Sotrovimab
10
49%
  $352,800
Regdanvimab
6
74%
  $389,130
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Remdesivir
59
4%
  $1,558,440
Conv. Plasma
44
-1%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% [22-95%] 1 $1 394 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% [66-87%] 3 $1 509 limited data Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%] 4 $5 605 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% [-620-99%] 1 $1 23 very limited data Regdanvimab 64% [50-74%] 10 $2,100 7,200 Ivermectin 61% [53-67%] 102 $1 142,307 Thermotherapy 56% [9-78%] 4 $0 217 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% [38-61%] 21 $1 3,249 Diet 50% [41-58%] 28 $0 693,236 Casirivimab/i.. 49% [31-63%] 28 $2,100 58,965 variant dependent Quercetin 49% [21-68%] 11 $5 1,436 HH-120 49% [-60-84%] 2 $500 345 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 49% [26-64%] 19 $1,250 34,558 variant dependent Alkalinization 49% [32-61%] 11 $1 1,461 Bemnifosbuvir 47% [-57-82%] 3 $500 359 very limited data Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Tixagev../c.. 46% [28-59%] 15 $855 27,464 variant dependent Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Melatonin 43% [30-54%] 18 $1 14,301 Bromhexine 43% [-5-69%] 7 $5 875 very limited data Nigella Sativa 43% [24-57%] 14 $5 3,333 Curcumin 42% [30-52%] 26 $5 14,736 Exercise 39% [34-44%] 66 $0 1,936,481 Fluvoxamine 39% [22-53%] 21 $4 38,283 Hydrogen Per.. 38% [5-59%] 7 $1 921 very limited data Phthalocyanine 38% [20-51%] 4 $5 5,245 Xiannuoxin 38% [-46-73%] 2 $106 1,027 very limited data Sunlight 37% [22-50%] 5 $0 19,665 Propolis 37% [-23-68%] 2 $1 270 very limited data Vitamin D 37% [31-42%] 120 $1 195,508 Vitamin A 36% [1-59%] 12 $2 22,237 Selenium 34% [-40-69%] 4 $1 21,452 Bebtelovimab 34% [-24-65%] 6 $1,200 13,329 intravenous Nitazoxanide 33% [-22-63%] 13 $4 3,606 Spironolactone 31% [15-44%] 12 $5 28,019 Azvudine 31% [16-42%] 18 $25 11,834 Antiandrogens 30% [21-38%] 49 $5 120,172 Sleep 30% [22-38%] 15 $0 429,001 Vitamin B12 30% [5-48%] 4 $1 11,407 Metformin 29% [25-33%] 87 $10 273,144 Budesonide 29% [17-39%] 14 $4 27,882 Sotrovimab 29% [12-42%] 22 $2,100 43,988 variant dependent Colchicine 28% [19-37%] 53 $1 32,670 Probiotics 28% [18-37%] 26 $5 19,398 Zinc 27% [17-36%] 44 $1 55,200 Andrographol.. 27% [-8-50%] 7 $5 1,245 Nitric Oxide 27% [-8-50%] 11 $11 2,201 Hydroxychlor.. 26% [23-30%] 422 $1 539,736 Ensitrelvir 26% [-14-52%] 3 $500 1,450 very limited data N-acetylcys.. 25% [14-34%] 24 $1 26,243 Lactoferrin 24% [-24-53%] 8 $5 1,419 Vitamin C 21% [14-27%] 70 $1 86,267 UDCA 17% [5-29%] 13 $15 37,170 Paxlovid 17% [13-21%] 60 $1,390 120,221 independent trials refused Famotidine 17% [8-24%] 30 $5 114,119 Favipiravir 15% [5-24%] 68 $20 30,674 worse w/longer followup Molnupiravir 14% [5-23%] 40 $707 136,276 mutagenic/teratogenic Vitamin K 14% [1-26%] 1 $1 7,766 very limited data Aspirin 12% [6-17%] 73 $1 186,324 Deuremidevir 11% [-1-21%] 2 $112 1,432 very limited data Peg.. Lambda 7% [-138-63%] 4 $500 2,143 subcutaneous Remdesivir 2% [-6-9%] 70 $3,120 187,297 worse w/longer followup Ibuprofen 0% [-9-9%] 13 $1 54,707 Conv. Plasma -1% [-5-3%] 45 $5,000 24,786 intravenous Vitamin B9 -11% [-47-15%] 11 $1 54,354 Cannabidiol -19% [-128-38%] 7 $25 16,883 Lufotrelvir -22% [-198-50%] 1 $2,000 58 intravenous Acetaminoph.. -28% [-41--17%] 27 $1 543,459 All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org April 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% 3 limited data Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Indomethacin 74% 4 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% 1 very limited data Regdanvimab 64% 10 Ivermectin 61% 102 Thermotherapy 56% 4 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% 21 Diet 50% 28 Casirivimab/.. 49% 28 variant dependent Quercetin 49% 11 HH-120 49% 2 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 49% 19 variant dependent Alkalinization 49% 11 Bemnifosbuvir 47% 3 very limited data Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Tixagev../c.. 46% 15 variant dependent Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Melatonin 43% 18 Bromhexine 43% 7 very limited data Nigella Sativa 43% 14 Curcumin 42% 26 Exercise 39% 66 Fluvoxamine 39% 21 Hydrogen Per.. 38% 7 very limited data Phthalocyanine 38% 4 Xiannuoxin 38% 2 very limited data Sunlight 37% 5 Propolis 37% 2 very limited data Vitamin D 37% 120 Vitamin A 36% 12 Selenium 34% 4 Bebtelovimab 34% 6 intravenous Nitazoxanide 33% 13 Spironolactone 31% 12 Azvudine 31% 18 Antiandrogens 30% 49 Sleep 30% 15 Vitamin B12 30% 4 Metformin 29% 87 Budesonide 29% 14 Sotrovimab 29% 22 variant dependent Colchicine 28% 53 Probiotics 28% 26 Zinc 27% 44 Andrographol.. 27% 7 Nitric Oxide 27% 11 Hydroxychlor.. 26% 422 Ensitrelvir 26% 3 very limited data N-acetylcys.. 25% 24 Lactoferrin 24% 8 Vitamin C 21% 70 UDCA 17% 13 Paxlovid 17% 60 independent trials refused Famotidine 17% 30 Favipiravir 15% 68 worse w/longer followup Molnupiravir 14% 40 mutagenic/teratogenic Vitamin K 14% 1 very limited data Aspirin 12% 73 Deuremidevir 11% 2 very limited data Peg.. Lambda 7% 4 subcutaneous Remdesivir 2% 70 worse w/longer followup Ibuprofen 0% 13 Conv. Plasma -1% 45 intravenous Vitamin B9 -11% 11 Cannabidiol -19% 7 Lufotrelvir -22% 1 intravenous Acetaminoph.. -28% 27 All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org April 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
Loading..
Loading..
Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
Loading..
Loading..
Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
Loading..
Loading..
Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
Loading..
Loading..
Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
Loading..
Loading..
Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
LATE TREATMENT
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. MortalityDeath
Dr. David Uip (*) Brazil 2,200 38.6% (850) Ref. 2.5% (54) Ref.
EARLY TREATMENT - 39 physicians/teams
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. ImprovementImp. MortalityDeath ImprovementImp.
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days		 Peru 1,265 0.6% (7) 77.5%
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam
patients up to 84 years old		 Bangladesh 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge Nigeria 310 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya
up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities		 India 148 1.4% (2) 44.9%
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani Brazil 3,450 0.1% (4) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Alessandro Capucci Italy 350 4.6% (16) 88.2%
Dr. Shankara Chetty South Africa 8,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Deborah Chisholm USA 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ryan Cole USA 400 0.0% (0) 100.0% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Marco Cosentino
vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better		 Italy 392 6.4% (25) 83.5% 0.3% (1) 89.6%
Dr. Jeff Davis USA 6,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Dhanajay India 500 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed USA 20,000 0.0% (6) 99.9% 0.0% (4) 99.2%
Dr. Raphael Furtado Brazil 170 0.6% (1) 98.5% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Heather Gessling USA 1,500 0.1% (1) 97.3%
Dr. Ellen Guimarães Brazil 500 1.6% (8) 95.9% 0.4% (2) 83.7%
Dr. Syed Haider USA 4,000 0.1% (5) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mark Hancock USA 24 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Sabine Hazan USA 1,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mollie James USA 3,500 1.1% (40) 97.0% 0.0% (1) 98.8%
Dr. Roberta Lacerda Brazil 550 1.5% (8) 96.2% 0.4% (2) 85.2%
Dr. Katarina Lindley USA 100 5.0% (5) 87.1% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ben Marble USA 150,000 0.0% (4) 99.9%
Dr. Edimilson Migowski Brazil 2,000 0.3% (7) 99.1% 0.1% (2) 95.9%
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana Saudi Arabia 2,733 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Carlos Nigro Brazil 5,000 0.9% (45) 97.7% 0.5% (23) 81.3%
Dr. Benoit Ochs Luxembourg 800 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ortore Italy 240 1.2% (3) 96.8% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Valerio Pascua
one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen		 Honduras 415 6.3% (26) 83.8% 0.2% (1) 90.2%
Dr. Sebastian Pop Romania 300 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Brian Proctor USA 869 2.3% (20) 94.0% 0.2% (2) 90.6%
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz Brazil 700 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Didier Raoult France 8,315 2.6% (214) 93.3% 0.1% (5) 97.6%
Dr. Karin Ried
up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63		 Turkey 237 0.4% (1) 82.8%
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig
patients up to 86 years old		 Canada 80 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Vipul Shah India 8,000 0.1% (5) 97.5%
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho Brazil 116 8.6% (10) 77.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Unknown Brazil 957 1.7% (16) 95.7% 0.2% (2) 91.5%
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko USA 2,200 0.5% (12) 98.6% 0.1% (2) 96.3%
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols 237,521 HospitalizationHosp. 94.1% MortalityDeath 94.7%
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the use of multiple treatments in combination.
Miscellaneous
Aghasadeghi
189 patient late treatment RCT: 85% lower mortality (p=0.0002) and 75% higher hospital discharge (p=0.003)
Morris
In Vitro study showing that certain teas can rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. At 10 mg/mL infusion, black tea showed the highest reduction ..
Convalescent Plasma
Tse
Analysis of the CONCUR-1 RCT showing that convalescent plasma was associated with higher costs, longer hospital stays, and lower quality-adjusted..
Vitamin D
Alcalá-Santiago
In Vitro study showing that vitamin D inhibits inflammatory cytokine production in THP-1 cells stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Authors..
Pavlyshyn
135 patients sufficiency: 60% lower severe cases (p=0.13) and 89% fewer cases (p=0.13)
Curcumin
Vaiss
In Vitro and Ex Vivo study showing that curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions (NEs) for nasal administration inhibited murine β..
Boseila
In Silico, In Vitro, and rat study showing potential prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of a curcumin-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery..
Quercetin
Vaiss
In Vitro and Ex Vivo study showing that curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions (NEs) for nasal administration inhibited murine β..
Waqas
In Silico and In Vitro study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) by quercetin and four other natural compounds isolated..
Fang
In Vitro study showing that nanoparticles coated with both ACE2-containing cell membranes and quercetin (CM-NP-Q) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in..
Regdanvimab
Hwang
378 patients early treatment: 83% lower mortality (p=0.12), 33% lower ICU admission (p=0.49), and 55% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.01)
Paxlovid
Chen
PSM retrospective 648 elderly COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in time to viral clearance with paxlovid. However, in subgroup..
Lewandowski
In Vitro and crystallographic study reveals that the L50F mutation in SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) can restore the reduced enzymatic activity..
Hammond
Delayed publication for EPIC-SR showing no significant difference in time to sustained alleviation. Selected results were first made available in..
Alkalinization
Polyakova
Randomized study showing that rinsing with Coca-Cola significantly lowered salivary pH, with an average of 27 minutes to return to baseline, and..
Nitazoxanide
Xu
In Silico study supporting the synergistic combination of nitazoxanide and remdesivir for SARS-CoV-2. Authors developed a two-way pharmacodynamic..
Remdesivir
Xu
In Silico study supporting the synergistic combination of nitazoxanide and remdesivir for SARS-CoV-2. Authors developed a two-way pharmacodynamic..
HCQ
Kuderer
928 patients late treatment: 134% higher mortality (p<0.0001)
Vitamin A
Pavlyshyn
135 patients sufficiency: 61% lower severe cases (p=0.14) and 84% fewer cases (p=0.2)
Ursodeoxycholic acid
Lee
Syrian hamster study showing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) may protect against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant transmission and infection. Hamsters treated..
Zinc
Noce
RCT of 33 long COVID outpatients showing anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue effects with treatment based on Echinacea angustifolia, rosehip,..
Lockwood
In Silico analysis suggesting potential benefits of metformin and zinc for COVID-19. Author proposes that metformin can form a complex with zinc..
Propolis
Noce
RCT of 33 long COVID outpatients showing anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue effects with treatment based on Echinacea angustifolia, rosehip,..
Metformin
Lockwood
In Silico analysis suggesting potential benefits of metformin and zinc for COVID-19. Author proposes that metformin can form a complex with zinc..
Casirivimab/imdevimab
Iustila-Maran
95 patients ICU: 16% higher mortality (p=0.8)
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Apr 13
 Vaiss et al., European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106766 Curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions for nasal administration: a promising therapeutic and prophylactic treatment for viral respiratory infections
In Vitro and Ex Vivo study showing that curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions (NEs) for nasal administration inhibited murine β-coronavirus (MHV-3) infection. MHV-3 belongs to the same family as SARS-CoV-2. Authors found..
Apr 12
 Fang et al., Journal of Nanobiotechnology, doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02435-2 Development of nanoparticles incorporated with quercetin and ACE2-membrane as a novel therapy for COVID-19
In Vitro study showing that nanoparticles coated with both ACE2-containing cell membranes and quercetin (CM-NP-Q) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells. Authors developed nanoparticles incorporated with quercetin (NP-Q), ACE2-c..
Apr 12
 Hwang et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-024-00971-w Effect of Regdanvimab on Mortality in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variants: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study
83% lower mortality (p=0.12), 33% lower ICU admission (p=0.49), and 55% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.01). PSM retrospective 378 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Korea showing lower progression with regdanvimab treatment.
Apr 12
 Ware et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.24305647 Incidence and Risk of Post-COVID-19 Thromboembolic Disease and the Impact of Aspirin Prescription; Nationwide Observational Cohort at the US Department of Veteran Affairs.
46% lower mortality (p=0.001). PSM retrospective 334,374 COVID-19 patients showing decreased risk of venous thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, but increased risk of arterial thromboembolic disorders, including ischemic stroke and ac..
Apr 7
 Boseila et al., European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114279 Throat spray formulated with virucidal Pharmaceutical excipients as an effective early prophylactic or treatment strategy against pharyngitis post-exposure to SARS CoV-2
In Silico, In Vitro, and rat study showing potential prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of a curcumin-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system throat spray against SARS-CoV-2 infection and pharyngitis. Molecular docking studies..
Apr 5
 Waqas et al., Current Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.2174/0109298673292839240329081008 Discovery of Novel Natural Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: A Rational Approach to Antiviral Therapeutics
In Silico and In Vitro study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) by quercetin and four other natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants. Authors used molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and..
Apr 5
 Chen et al., Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, doi:10.1002/iid3.1232 Nirmatrelvir and ritonavir combination against COVID‐19 caused by omicron BA.2.2 in the elderly: A single‐center large observational study
PSM retrospective 648 elderly COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in time to viral clearance with paxlovid. However, in subgroup analysis of patients treated within 10 days of symptom onset, treatment was associated with f..
Apr 5
 Pavlyshyn et al., Неонатологія, хірургія та перинатальна медицина, doi:10.24061/2413-4260.XIV.1.51.2024.6 Micronutrient status (vitamins A and D) and its effect on the severity of the course of COVID-19 in children
60% lower severe cases (p=0.13) and 89% fewer cases (p=0.13). Retrospective 112 pediatric COVID-19 patients and 23 healthy controls showing lower levels of vitamins A and D associated with more severe disease. Patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 had significantly lower vitamin A, vitamin D, a..
Apr 5
 Lockwood, T., BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-024-00590-5 Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and Zn2+ against COVID-19 are not independent
In Silico analysis suggesting potential benefits of metformin and zinc for COVID-19. Author proposes that metformin can form a complex with zinc ions, increasing zinc bioavailability, and that the metformin-zinc complex may slow viral mul..
Apr 5
 Noce et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph17040463 Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fatigue Effects of an Oral Food Supplement in Long COVID Patients
RCT of 33 long COVID outpatients showing anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue effects with treatment based on Echinacea angustifolia, rosehip, propolis, royal jelly, and zinc. The treatment significantly reduced inflammatory biomarkers like..
Apr 5
 Iustila-Maran et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4090027/v1 Course of inflammation and infection markers differ in ICU patients with severe COVID-19 under casirivimab- and/or tocilizumab application: an observational study
16% higher mortality (p=0.8). Retrospective 95 ICU patients showing no significant difference in mortality with casirivimab/imdevimab. There was significantly higher mortality with tocilizumab.
Apr 4
 Melis et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57726-3 The metabolic footprint of Vero E6 cells highlights the key metabolic routes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and response to drug combinations
In Vitro study showing that remdesivir and azithromycin, either alone or in combination, can modify the glycolic-gluconeogenesis pathway in host cells, inhibiting the mitochondrial oxidative damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Authors use Nuclea..
Apr 4
 Lee et al., Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.1194 Ursodeoxycholic acid may protect from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant by reducing angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2
Syrian hamster study showing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) may protect against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant transmission and infection. Hamsters treated prophylactically with oral UDCA had significantly less weight loss compared to untreated ..
Apr 4
 Hammond et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2309003 Nirmatrelvir for Vaccinated or Unvaccinated Adult Outpatients with Covid-19
Delayed publication for EPIC-SR showing no significant difference in time to sustained alleviation. Selected results were first made available in December 2021 [Pfizer].
Apr 4
 Fowler et al., NCT04344184 SAFEty Study of Early Infusion of Vitamin C for Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Acute Lung Injury (SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI)
19% lower mortality (p=0.75) and 2% worse results (p=0.28). RCT 47 ICU patients showing no significant differences with vitamin C treatment.
Apr 3
 Polyakova et al., Dentistry Journal, doi:10.3390/dj12040093 The Effect of Oral Care Foams and a Spray on Salivary pH Changes after Exposure to Acidic Beverages in Young Adults
Randomized study showing that rinsing with Coca-Cola significantly lowered salivary pH, with an average of 27 minutes to return to baseline, and rinsing with tested oral care products or water after exposure increased the minimum salivary..
Apr 3
 Xu et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, doi:10.1128/aac.01015-23 Two-way pharmacodynamic modeling of drug combinations and its application to pairs of repurposed Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 agents
In Silico study supporting the synergistic combination of nitazoxanide and remdesivir for SARS-CoV-2. Authors developed a two-way pharmacodynamic modeling approach to capture the concentration-dependent drug-drug interactions and combined..
Apr 2
 Lewandowski et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587566 Distal Protein-Protein Interactions Contribute to SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Substrate Binding and Nirmatrelvir Resistance
In Vitro and crystallographic study reveals that the L50F mutation in SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) can restore the reduced enzymatic activity caused by nirmatrelvir resistance mutations E166A/L167F through enhanced protein-protein inte..
Apr 1
 Zhong et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4157424/v1 Azvudine reduces the mortality rate of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019: a single-center retrospective analysis study
35% lower mortality (p=0.05). Retrospective 2,862 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower mortality with azvudine treatment.
Mar 30
 Thümmler et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16040545 Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants
In Vitro study showing that fluoxetine and sertraline potently neutralize the replication of distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants at subtoxic concentrations. Authors demonstrate that fluoxetine and sertraline inhibit infection with pseudotyped vi..
Mar 30
 Qiu et al., Global Epidemiology, doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2024.100142 Estimating the effect of realistic improvements of metformin adherence on COVID-19 mortality using targeted machine learning
Retrospective 61,180 COVID-19 positive patients with chronic metformin prescriptions showing lower COVID-19 mortality with improved metformin adherence, as measured by proportion of days covered.
Mar 30
 Friedland et al., The Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.31430 Phase II Trial of the Impact 0.5% Povidone‐Iodine Nasal Spray (Nasodine®) on Shedding of SARS‐CoV‐2
60% improved viral clearance (p=0.03) and 6% improved recovery. RCT 23 early COVID-19 outpatients showing significantly improved reduction in viral load and significantly faster viral clearance with povidone-iodine nasal spray compared to placebo. The study was underpowered due to low recruitment, enr..
Mar 29
 Yang et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/IDR.S443574 Reduced Viral Shedding Time in High-Risk COVID-19 Patients Infected by Omicron and Treated with Paxlovid: A Real-World Study from China
Retrospective 3,159 high risk COVID-19 patients in China showing no significant difference for viral clearance with multivariable Cox regression, but significantly faster viral clearance with logistic regression. Cox results account for t..
Mar 29
 Malden et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57633-7 Predictors of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir receipt among COVID-19 patients in a large US health system
Retrospective 319,900 treatment-eligible COVID-19 patients showing relatively low use of paxlovid and significant socioeconomic disparities. Treated patients were more likely to be from affluent neighborhoods, be up to date on vaccination..
Mar 29
 Begum et al., Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.18502/sjms.v19i1.15776 The Role of Vitamin D in COVID-19 Survival and Prevention: A Meta-analysis
57% lower mortality (p=0.0002) and 48% fewer cases (p=0.05). Meta analysis of 16 studies including over 5.9 million patients showing significantly lower mortality and cases with vitamin D treatment.
Mar 29
 Siripongboonsitti et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.030 A Randomized Trial to Assess the Acceleration of Viral Clearance by the Combination Favipiravir/Ivermectin/Niclosamide in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Adult Patients (FINCOV)
39% improved recovery (p=0.19) and 6% improved viral clearance (p=0.75). RCT 60 low-risk outpatients, median age 31, with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing no significant differences with combined favipiravir/ivermectin/niclosamide treatment compared to favipiravir alone. There was limited room for improvement..
Mar 28
 Yathindranath et al., International Journal of Nanomedicine, doi:10.2147/IJN.S448005 Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Infection
In Vitro study showing that lactoferrin, camostat mesylate, and carrageenan inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection in airway epithelial Calu-3 cells. All show dose-dependent inhibition. The study focuses on novel LNP formulations and t..
Mar 28
 Arambepola et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3964082/v1 The role of vitamin D as a preventive strategy in COVID-19 infections: evidence from South Asia
47% fewer cases (p=0.27). Case-control study of 104 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 104 healthy controls in Sri Lanka, showing significantly lower serum vitamin D levels in cases compared to controls, and in moderate/severe cases compared to mild cases. There w..
Mar 27
 Zhang et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28629 The close association of micronutrients with COVID-19
Case-control study with 149 healthy controls and 214 COVID-19 patients in China, showing significantly lower serum vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D was found to be an independent risk factor for COVID-19. A logistic regres..
Mar 27
 Dimnjaković et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301056 Association of anti-diabetic drugs and covid-19 outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease: Nationwide registry analysis
23% lower hospitalization (p=0.004) and 12% fewer cases (p=0.04). Retrospective 7,539 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease in Croatia showing lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin, and repaglinide use, and lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization..
Mar 25
 Yagisawa et al., The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics, doi:10.11553/antibiotics.77.1_45 Global trends in clinical trials of ivermectin for COVID-19—Part 2
Review of global trends in clinical trials of ivermectin for COVID-19. The review summarizes and analyzes the results of trials to date. Authors report that 27 systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted, with 15 demonstratin..
Mar 25
 Özdemir et al., Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1423523 COVID-19 enfeksi̇yonunda molnupiravi̇r tedavi̇si̇ alan hastalarin değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇
50% higher mortality (p=1) and no change in ICU admission (p=1). Retrospective study of 78 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Turkey showing no significant difference in mortality or discharge rates with molnupiravir treatment.
Mar 25
 Deji et al., Interactive Journal of Medical Research, doi:10.2196/43585 Influence of the environmental factors and genome diversity on COVID-19 cumulative infection in highland region of China: Comparative correlational study (Preprint)
Retrospective 24,826 COVID-19 cases in China showing lower COVID-19 cases with increasing sunlight hours in high altitude regions. Higher sunlight hours was also associated with fewer mutations.
Mar 24
 Mosadegh et al., AMB Express, doi:10.1186/s13568-024-01690-8 NBS superfood: a promising adjunctive therapy in critically ill ICU patients with omicron variant of COVID-19
RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional supplement containing vitamins A, B1–B3, B5, B6, B9, C, D, K, and zinc, potassium, manganese..
Mar 24
 Yadav et al., Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100897 Effect of Yoga-based breathing practices on depression, anxiety, stress, and fear of COVID-19 positive hospitalized patients: A randomized controlled trial
RCT 63 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significant reductions in depression, anxiety, stress, and fear scores with breathing exercises 30 minutes per day for 10 days.
Mar 24
 Silverii et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13071874 Is Metformin Use Associated with a More Favorable COVID-19 Course in People with Diabetes?
29% lower mortality (p=0.5). Retrospective 524 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Italy, showing lower risk of mortality with metformin use, without statistical significance. The results adjusted only for COVID-19 MRS differ between the text and Figure 2.
Mar 22
 Zhang et al., Critical Care Research and Practice, doi:10.1155/2024/4118896 Effects of the High-Intensity Early Mobilization on Long-Term Functional Status of Patients with Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit
Non-COVID-19 RCT showing that high-intensity early mobility in mechanically ventilated ICU patients improved functional status and independence. Authors also reported improved mobility, muscle strength, and lower incidence of ICU-acquired..
Mar 22
 Fountain-Jones et al., The Lancet Microbe, doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00393-2 Effect of molnupiravir on SARS-CoV-2 evolution in immunocompromised patients: a retrospective observational study
Analysis of immunocompromised COVID-19 showing rapid creation of new variants with molnupiravir. Some mutations became fixed in the viral population and the distinctive mutational pattern, dominated by G-to-A and C-to-T transitions, persi..
Mar 21
 Tse et al., Transfusion, doi:10.1111/trf.17777 Quality of life and cost‐effectiveness of convalescent plasma compared to standard care for hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in the CONCOR‐1 trial
Analysis of the CONCUR-1 RCT showing that convalescent plasma was associated with higher costs, longer hospital stays, and lower quality-adjusted life days.
Mar 21
 Jitobaom et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.29552 Identification of inositol monophosphatase as a broad‐spectrum antiviral target of ivermectin
In vitro study showing that ivermectin inhibits dengue, Zika, and SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein inositol monophosphatase (IMPase). Authors used thermal proteomic profiling to identify IMPase as a target of ivermectin in human c..
Mar 21
 Khawaja et al., Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1080/23744235.2024.2329957 Double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma for COVID-19: analyses by neutralising antibodies homologous to donors’ variants
RCT 57 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma treatment.
Mar 20
 Cui et al., Journal of Clinical Hepatology, doi:10.12449/JCH240309 Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in patients with chronic hepatitis B
48% faster recovery (p=0.01) and 83% fewer cases (p=0.001). Retrospective 215 patients with chronic hepatitis B in China, showing lower risk of COVID-19 infection, milder symptoms, and faster recovery with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment.
Mar 19
 Drouin et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57306-5 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 in New Orleans, August 2020 to September 2021
46% higher severe cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 456 hospitalized patients in the USA showing an association between remdesivir treatment and increased COVID-19 severity in multivariable analysis, for remdesivir treatment within 7 days and when administered before meeting ..
Mar 19
 Inokuchi et al., The Kurume Medical Journal, doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.MS7012003 Oral Colchicine and Low-Dose Aspirin Combination Therapy for Non-elderly, Non-severe, Early Time From Onset, Adult Outpatients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) during “The Fifth Pandemic Wave” in Japan
67% lower hospitalization (p=0.55) and 24% improved recovery (p=0.72). RCT 38 low risk outpatients in Japan, showing no significant differences for colchicine and low-dose aspirin compared to loxoprofen. Hospitalization was lower, without statistical significance (4.3% vs. 13.3%, p=0.34). There were no criti..
Mar 18
 Azhar et al., Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.12669/pjms.40.5.8757 Effectiveness of early pharmaceutical interventions in symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial
71% lower mortality (p=0.03), 4% greater improvement (p=0.64), and 10% improved viral clearance (p=0.52). RCT 471 mild COVID-19 patients in Pakistan showing no significant differences in clinical improvement and viral clearance between HCQ, azithromycin, oseltamivir, and combinations. Mortality was significantly lower in HCQ vs. non-HCQ arms...
Mar 18
 Vajdi et al., Pharmacological Reports, doi:10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6 Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy
Review of polyphenols for COVID-19. Authors note that polyphenols can inhibit key SARS-CoV-2 enzymes involved in viral replication and infection, and that many polyphenols have well-established safety profiles. Authors recommend additiona..
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 4,068 studies, 2,155 present results comparing with a control group, 1,959 are treatment studies, and 196 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 65 animal studies, 129 in silico studies, 232 in vitro studies, 254 reviews, and 175 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be the date of an earlier preprint.
Submit    
Post
Share
@CovidAnalysis
FAQ
Public domain CC0 1.0